… Relative to the expectation from a truly random pattern, the van Buskirk and Steiner results
do show a surplus of significant results (~20% in each direction). However, this might derive …

… level (SH Orzack, UK Steiner, S. Tuljapurkar, unpublished data). We have found similar
results for a number of other species (SH Orzack, UK Steiner, S. Tuljapurkar, unpublished data). …

… induced defenses and their associated costs for Rana temporaria tadpoles along a
resource gradient revealed overall costs of induced defenses in survival and development (Steiner …

Organisms are capable of an astonishing repertoire of phenotypic responses to the
environment, and these often define important adaptive solutions to heterogeneous and …

Biodiversity loss is a major challenge. Over the past century, the average rate of vertebrate
extinction has been about 100-fold higher than the estimated background rate and population …

Understanding the evolution of reaction norms remains a major challenge in ecology and
evolution. Investigating evolutionary divergence in reaction norm shapes between populations …

Individuals within populations can differ substantially in their life span and their lifetime
reproductive success but such realized individual variation in fitness components need not reflect …

… For example, Steiner [13] discovered that amphibian larvae exposed to predators ingested
the … Steiner therefore expected predator exposed tadpoles to grow or develop faster, but they …

Organisms are faced with variable environments and one of the most common solutions to
cope with such variability is phenotypic plasticity, a modification of the phenotype to the …

Many prey organisms reduce their activity to reduce predation risk. A common argument is
that a reduction in activity is one of the highest costs of defence. I exposed predator-induced …