Recent years have witnessed the rise of the gut microbiota as a major topic of research
interest in biology. Studies are revealing how variations and changes in the composition of the …

I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS... 1907
IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 VI. …

Here, we define a psychobiotic as a live organism that, when ingested in adequate amounts,
produces a health benefit in patients suffering from psychiatric illness. As a class of probiotic…

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60–80% 1 , much of which is attributable to common risk
alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with …

There is increasing, but largely indirect, evidence pointing to an effect of commensal gut
microbiota on the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unknown whether lactic acid …

Alterations in the human intestinal microbiota are linked to conditions including inflammatory
bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and obesity. The microbiota also undergoes …

Polygenic risk scores have shown great promise in predicting complex disease risk and will
become more accurate as training sample sizes increase. The standard approach for …

The gut microbiota interacts with the host via neuroimmune, neuroendocrine and neural
pathways. These pathways are components of the brain-gut-microbiota axis and preclinical …

The concept that the gut microbiota serves as a virtual endocrine organ arises from a number
of important observations. Evidence for a direct role arises from its metabolic capacity to …

BACKGROUND: Adverse early life events are associated with a maladaptive stress response
system and might increase the vulnerability to disease in later life. Several disorders have …