… HED was calculated as previously described in Pierini and Lenz 65 and Chowell el al. . …
metric 68 , as implemented in Pierini and Lenz 65 . The Grantham distance is a quantitative …

Bats account for one-fifth of mammalian species, are the only mammals with powered flight,
and are among the few animals that echolocate. The insect-eating Brandt’s bat (Myotis …

… CAT-3′) to the end of Exon 2 (GAIIExon2R_RSCA: 5′-ACT CAC CGG ACT TAG TCA G-3′)
of the MHC class IIβ genes, employing cautionary PCR condition,s according to Lenz & …

Variation in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes accounts for one-half of the genetic
risk in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Amino acid changes in the HLA-DR and HLA-DQ molecules …

… HED was calculated as described in Pierini and Lenz 3 . Briefly, first the protein sequence of
… metric 26 , as implemented in Pierini and Lenz 3 . The Grantham distance is a quantitative …

Proteins encoded by the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes incite the
vertebrate adaptive immune response by presenting peptide antigens on the cell surface. …

Polymorphic genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are regarded as essential
genes for individual fitness under conditions of natural and sexual selection. To test this …

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes confer substantial risk for autoimmune diseases on
a log-additive scale. Here we speculated that differences in autoantigen-binding repertoires …

Although crucial for the understanding of adaptive evolution, genetically resolved examples
of local adaptation are rare. To maximize survival and reproduction in their local environment…

Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of HIV-1–infected populations have been
underpowered to detect common variants with moderate impact on disease outcome and …