… Wiggins and Van Ryn measured the average density of solutions of polyethylene glycol 20 M
(PEG 20M) when they had been equilibrated with Bio-Gel P-100 (PM Wiggins … Wiggins and …

The proposal that liquid water consists of microdomains of rapidly-exchanging polymorphs of
high and low density is examined for its impact upon roles of water in biology. It is assumed …

… Wiggins and van Ryn63 found that the density of water in Biogel P-100 beads decreased
down to 0.96 g ml-’ with increasing osmotic stress imposed by polyethylene glycol 20 M. In a …

… [22] PM Wiggins, High and low density water in gels, Prog. Polymer Sci. 20 (1995) 1121-1163.
[23] PM Wiggins, … [28] PM Wiggins and RT van Ryn, The solvent properties of water in …

… Since the Ca-ATPase is the dominant protein on the membrane, it seemed probable that
this viscous, nonfreezing water was contained in its open hydrophobic cleft (PM Wiggins, GA …

… Highly charged polymeric solutions and gels have been shown to contain two modified
forms of water, each of which differs in all measured properties from normal water (Wiggins, …

… The same water must be a better solvent than normal water for K +, which diffuses spontaneously
in through the channel from a low external concentration (Wiggins, 1982b). The water …

All ions perturb the structure of water. The biologically important ions can be divided into two
classes which have opposite effects. Na + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ are net structure-orderers; K + …

Distribution of the biologically important ions between two aqueous phases of different
structure has been used as a model for ionic distribution in living tissue. When other sources of …

… solutes are unlikely to extend beyond a few nanometers (Wiggins and van Ryn, 1986). It is
… and MacClement, 1987; Wiggins, 1988) called this a form of stretched water, similar to water …