Accurately predicting an outcome requires that animals learn supporting and conflicting
evidence from sequential experience. In mammals and invertebrates, learned fear responses …

… Barnstedt et al. identified acetylcholine as the mushroom body neurotransmitter. Mushroom
body output neuron activation requires nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Impaired receptor …

In Drosophila, negatively reinforcing dopaminergic neurons also provide the inhibitory control
of satiety over appetitive memory expression. Here we show that aversive learning causes …

Animals constantly assess the reliability of learned information to optimize their behaviour.
On retrieval, consolidated long-term memory can be neutralized by extinction if the learned …

… Where this was not the case, FRAs were considered to be I-shaped if the largest response
occurred at 80 dB SPL and O-shaped if the largest response occurred at a lower level. This …

The ability to record neural activity in the brain of a living organism at cellular resolution is of
great importance for defining the neural circuit mechanisms that direct behavior. Here we …

The dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) is a key brain region for the expression of spatial memories,
such as navigating towards a learned reward location. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a …

To survive, animals need to balance their exploratory drive with their need for safety. Subcortical
circuits play an important role in initiating and modulating movement based on external …

Unlabelled Image ABSTRACT Background Recurrent angioedema is the hallmark of various
inherited or acquired angioedema diseases. Hereditary angioedema, or HAE, due to C1 …

Transposition of mobile genetic elements can radically alter genome structure and sequence.
In doing so, they can alter gene expression and cellular function. Perhaps unsurprisingly, …