Acetylcholine in the brain alters neuronal excitability, influences synaptic transmission, induces
synaptic plasticity, and coordinates firing of groups of neurons. As a result, it changes the …

Changes in intracellular calcium (Ca) concentration following synaptic and suprathreshold
activity are mediated by a wide range of sources and contribute to the regulation of myriad …

Calcium (Ca 2+ ) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that accumulates in the cytoplasm in
response to diverse classes of stimuli and, in turn, regulates many aspects of cell function. In …

To better understand population phenomena in thalamocortical neuronal ensembles, we
have constructed a preliminary network model with 3,560 multicompartment neurons (…

… Cardin, and members of the Higley laboratory for comments during the preparation of this
manuscript. ChR2 plasmids were a gift from K. Deisseroth, Stanford University; TTA-A2 was a …

Striatal D2-type dopamine receptors (D2Rs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of
neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Although …

In layer 4 (L4) of the rat barrel cortex, a single whisker deflection evokes a stereotyped sequence
of excitation followed by inhibition, hypothesized to result in a narrow temporal window …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is accompanied by dendritic spine growth and changes in the
composition of the postsynaptic density (PSD). We find that activity-dependent growth of …

Variation in an animal’s behavioral state is linked to fluctuations in brain activity and cognitive
ability. In the neocortex, state-dependent circuit dynamics may reflect neuromodulatory …

Achieving a comprehensive understanding of brain function requires multiple imaging modalities
with complementary strengths. We present an approach for concurrent widefield optical …