… t-test (actually, we will use the F statistic instead of the t, but the … To this end, we use the
F-test corresponding to an anova … The F statistics quantify the amount of variation in the data …

Parallel evolution is the repeated evolution of the same phenotype or genotype in evolutionarily
independent populations. Here, we use evolve‐and‐resequence experiments with …

The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infectiousness is poorly known. Using
data from a cohort of cases and high-risk contacts, we reconstructed viral load at the time of …

We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred
nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log 10 increase (ie, a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-…

Local adaptation experiments are widely used to quantify the levels of adaptation within a
heterogeneous environment. However, theoretical studies generally focus on the probability of …

Coevolution between bacteriophages (phages) and their bacterial hosts occurs through
changes in resistance and counter-resistance mechanisms. To assess phage–host evolution in …

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variant 20I/501Y.V1 (VOC-202012/1 or GR/501Y.V1) is
concerning given its increased transmissibility. We reanalysed 11,916 PCR-positive tests (41% …

Understanding how changes in antibiotic consumption affect the prevalence of antibiotic
resistance in bacterial pathogens is important for public health. In a number of bacterial species, …

… Although most of the extra-intestinal pathogenic clones belong to the phylogroups B2, D
and to a lesser extend C and F 6 , a lineage responsible for human extra-intestinal infections …

… at a low frequency in countries with a low prescription rate (Figure 1e,f). This mechanism
is powerful when the host classes are very isolated one from another (Blanquart et al., 2018). …