Many models of evolution calculate the rate of evolution by multiplying the rate at which new
mutations originate within a population by a probability of fixation. Here we review the …

Constructive neutral evolution (CNE) suggests that neutral evolution may follow a stepwise
path to extravagance. Whether or not CNE is common, the mere possibility raises provocative …

The neutral theory often is presented as a theory of ``noise'' or silent changes at an isolated ``molecular
level,'' relevant to marking the steady pace of divergence, but not to the origin of …

The rediscovery of Mendel's laws a century ago launched the science that William Bateson
called “genetics,” and led to a new view of evolution combining selection, particulate …

Textile‐based electronics enable the next generation of wearable devices, which have the
potential to transform the architecture of consumer electronics. Highly conductive yarns that …

The comparative analysis of protein sequences depends crucially on measures of amino
acid similarity or distance. Many such measures exist, yet it is not known how well these …

According to New Synthesis doctrine, the direction of evolution is determined by selection
and not by “internal causes” that act by way of propensities of variation. This doctrine rests on …

Policymakers must make management decisions despite incomplete knowledge and
conflicting model projections. Little guidance exists for the rapid, representative, and unbiased …

Two forms of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gD were recombined into Autographa
californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (baculovirus) and expressed in infected Spodoptera …

A pattern in which nucleotide transitions are favored several fold over transversions is
common in molecular evolution. When this pattern occurs among amino acid replacements, …