Background and Methods To characterize acute bacterial meningitis in adults, we reviewed
the charts of all persons 16 years of age or older in whom acute bacterial meningitis was …

Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor–ligand
complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD2–CD14 …

Salmonellae are important causes of enteric diseases in all vertebrates. Characterization of
the molecular mechanisms that underpin the interactions of salmonellae with their animal …

In many human infections, hosts and pathogens coexist for years or decades. Important
examples include HIV, herpes viruses, tuberculosis, leprosy, and malaria. With the exception of …

Biofilms are adherent aggregates of bacterial cells that form on biotic and abiotic surfaces,
including human tissues. Biofilms resist antibiotic treatment and contribute to bacterial …

Macrophages respond to Salmonella typhimurium infection via Ipaf, a NACHT–leucine-rich
repeat family member that activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1β. However, the …

We have determined that Salmonella typhimurium strains with mutations in the positive
regulatory locus phoP are markedly attenuated in virulence for BALB/c mice. The DNA sequence …

Antimicrobial peptides are distributed throughout the animal kingdom and are a key
component of innate immunity. Salmonella typhimurium regulates mechanisms of resistance to …

The Salmonellae PhoP-PhoQ virulence regulators induce resistance to host cationic
antimicrobial peptides (CAMP) after infection of vertebrate tissues, and Mg 2+ or Ca 2+ limitation. …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the principal proinflammatory component of the Gram-negative
bacterial envelope and is recognized by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD-2 receptor …