Only a very small fraction of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are well characterized. The
evolutionary history of lncRNAs can provide insights into their functionality, but the absence of …

New genes contribute substantially to adaptive evolutionary innovation, but the functional
evolution of new mammalian genes has been little explored at a broad scale. Previous work …

Small non-coding RNAs act as critical regulators of gene expression and are essential for
male germ cell development and spermatogenesis. Previously, we showed that germ cell-…

Gene duplications generate genomic raw material that allows the emergence of novel functions,
likely facilitating adaptive evolutionary innovations. However, global assessments of the …

Background Mammalian microRNAs (miRNAs) are sometimes subject to adenosine-to-inosine
RNA editing, which can lead to dramatic changes in miRNA target specificity or …

Promoters and enhancers—key controllers of gene expression—have long been distinguished
from each other based on their function. However, recent work suggested that common …

Sexual dimorphism depends on sex-biased gene expression, but the contributions of microRNAs
(miRNAs) have not been globally assessed. We therefore produced an extensive small …

Divergence of protein sequences and gene expression patterns are two fundamental
mechanisms that generate organismal diversity. Here, we have used genome and transcriptome …

Transposable elements (TEs) can affect the regulation of nearby genes through several
mechanisms. Here, we examine to what extent recent TE insertions have contributed to the …

Gene expression is governed by an intricate combination of transcription factors (TFs),
microRNAs (miRNAs), splicing factors, and other regulators. Genes cannot support infinitely …