Sleep quality declines with age; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We
found that hyperexcitable hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/OX) neurons drive sleep fragmentation …

Neurons transmit information to distant brain regions via long-range axonal projections. In
the mouse, area-to-area connections have only been systematically mapped using bulk …

PCR permits the exponential and sequence-specific amplification of DNA, even from minute
starting quantities. PCR is a fundamental step in preparing DNA samples for high-…

Neocortical areas communicate through extensive axonal projections, but the logic of
information transfer remains poorly understood, because the projections of individual neurons …

INTRODUCTION The brains of extant animals have evolved over hundreds of millions of
years from simple circuits. Cell types diversified, connections elaborated, and new brain …

Cellular barcoding is a technique in which individual cells are labeled with unique nucleic
acid sequences, termed barcodes, so that they can be tracked through space and time. …

Understanding neural circuits requires deciphering interactions among myriad cell types
defined by spatial organization, connectivity, gene expression, and other properties. Resolving …

In most sensory modalities, neuronal connectivity reflects behaviorally relevant stimulus
features, such as spatial location, orientation, and sound frequency. By contrast, the prevailing …

Interconnectivity between neocortical areas is critical for sensory integration and sensorimotor
transformations 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 – 6 . These functions are mediated by heterogeneous inter-…

Recognition of environmental cues is essential for the survival of all organisms. Transcriptional
changes occur to enable the generation and function of the neural circuits underlying …