The amygdala processes positive and negative valence and contributes to addiction, but the
cell-type-specific gene regulatory programs involved are unknown. We generated an atlas …

Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41 amino acid neuropeptide that coordinates
adaptive responses to stress. CRF projections from neurons in the central nucleus of the …

The activation of a neuronal ensemble in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) during
alcohol withdrawal has been hypothesized to induce high levels of alcohol drinking in …

Abstinence from alcohol is associated with the recruitment of neurons in the central nucleus
of the amygdala (CeA) in nondependent rats that binge drink alcohol and in alcohol-…

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is the primary mediator of stress responses, and
nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) plays an important role in the modulation of these stress responses…

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical component of innate immune signaling and has been
implicated in alcohol responses in preclinical and clinical models. Members of the …

Background Pioglitazone is a selective peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ ( PPAR
γ) agonist used for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Previous studies …

PPARγ is one of the three isoforms identified for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPARs) and is the receptor for the thiazolidinedione class of anti-diabetic medications …

Alcohol and nicotine are the two most co-abused drugs in the world. Previous studies have
shown that nicotine can increase alcohol drinking in nondependent rats, yet it is unknown …

Substance use disorders have a complex etiology. Genetics, the environment, and behavior
all play a role in the initiation, escalation, and relapse of drug use. Recently, opioid use …