The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (about ad 750–1050)
was a far-flung transformation in world history 1, 2. Here we sequenced the genomes …

The sequencing of ancient DNA has enabled the reconstruction of speciation, migration and
admixture events for extinct taxa 1 . However, the irreversible post-mortem degradation 2 of …

The rise of ancient genomics has revolutionised our understanding of human prehistory but
this work depends on the availability of suitable samples. Here we present a complete …

Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi C causes enteric (paratyphoid) fever in humans. Its
presentation can range from asymptomatic infections of the blood stream to gastrointestinal or …

The composition of ancient oral microbiomes has recently become accessible owing to
advanced biomolecular methods such as metagenomics and metaproteomics, but the utility of …

Ancient protein analysis provides clues to human life and diseases from ancient times. Here,
we performed shotgun proteomics of human archeological bones for the first time, using rib …

Mineralized dental plaque (calculus) has proven to be an excellent source of ancient
biomolecules. Here we present a Mycobacterium leprae genome (6.6-fold), the causative agent of …

Human populations have been shaped by catastrophes that may have left long-lasting
signatures in their genomes. One notable example is the second plague pandemic that entered …

Like modern metagenomics, ancient metagenomics is a highly data-rich discipline, with the
added challenge that the DNA of interest is degraded and, depending on the sample type, in …

Recent improvements in the analysis of ancient biomolecules from human remains and
associated dental calculus have provided new insights into the prehistoric diet and genetic …