Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Diversity of Bacteriocins in Gram-Positive Bacteria

  • Chapter
Bacteriocins

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allison GE, Fremaux C, Klaenhammer TR (1994) Expansion of bacteriocin activity and host range upon complementation of two peptides encoded within the lactacin F operon. J Bacteriol 76:2235–2241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aranha C, Gupta S, Reddy KV (2004) Contraceptive efficacy of antimicrobial peptide nisin: in vitro and in vivo studies. Contraception 69:333–338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beatson SA, Sloan GL, Simmonds RS (1998) Zoocin A immunity factor: a femA-like gene found in a group C streptococcus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 163:73–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Shushan G, Zakin V, Gollop N (2003) Two different propionicins produced by Propionibacterium thoenii P-127. Peptides 24:1733–1740.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beukes M, Hastings JW (2001) Self-protection against cell wall hydrolysis in Streptococcus milleri NMSCC 061 and analysis of the millericin B operon. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3888–3896.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beukes M, Bierbaum G, Sahl HG, Hastings JW (2000) Purification and partial characterization of a murein hydrolase, millericin B, produced by Streptococcus milleri NMSCC 061. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:23–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bibel DJ, Aly R, Bayles C, Strauss WG, Shinefield HR, Maibach HI (1983) Competitive adherence as a mechanism of bacterial interference. Can J Microbiol 29:700–703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booth MC, Bogie CP, Sahl HG, Siezen RJ, Hatter KL, Gilmore MS (1996) Structural analysis and proteolytic activation of Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin, a novel lantibiotic. Mol Microbiol 21:1175–1184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brede DA, Faye T, Johnsborg O, Ødegård I, Nes IF, Holo H (2004) Molecular and genetic characterization of propionicin F, a bacteriocin Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:7303–7310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breukink E, Wiedemann I, van Kraaij C, Kuipers OP, Sahl H, de Kruijff B (1999) Use of the cell wall precursor lipid II by a pore-forming peptide antibiotic. Science 286:2361–2364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotz H, Bierbaum G, Markus A, Molitor E, Sahl HG (1995) Mode of action of the lantibiotic mersacidin: inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis via a novel mechanism? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:714–719.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotz H, Bierbaum G, Reynolds PE, Sahl HG (1997) The lantibiotic mersacidin inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis at the level of transglycosylation. Eur J Biochem 246:193–199.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotz H, Josten M, Wiedemann I, Schneider U, Gotz F, Bierbaum G, Sahl HG (1998) Role of lipid-bound peptidoglycan precursors in the formation of pores by nisin, epidermin and other lantibiotics. Mol Microbiol 30:317–327.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee S, Lad SJ, Phansalkar MS, Rupp RH, Ganguli BN, Fehlhaber HW, Kogler H (1992) Mersacidin, a new antibiotic from Bacillus. Fermentation, isolation, purification and chemical characterization. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 45:832–838.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee C, Paul M, Xie L, van der Donk WA (2005) Biosynthesis and mode of action of lantibiotics. Chem Rev 105:633–684.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Stevenson DM, Weimer PJ (2004) Albusin B, a bacteriocin from the ruminal bacterium Ruminococcus albus 7 that inhibits growth of Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:3167–3170.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chikindas ML, Novak J, Driessen AJ, Konings WN, Schilling KM, Caufield PW (1995) Mutacin II, a bactericidal antibiotic from Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 9:2656–2660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cintas LM, Casaus P, Havarstein LS, Hernandez PE, Nes IF (1997) Biochemical and genetic characterization of enterocin P, a novel sec-dependent bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium P13 with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4321–4330.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cintas LM, Casaus P, Holo H, Hernandez PE, Nes IF, Havarstein LS (1998) Enterocins L50A and L50B, two novel bacteriocins from Enterococcus faecium L50, are related to staphylococcal hemolysins. J Bacteriol 180:1988–1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cintas LM, Casaus P, Herranz C, Havarstein LS, Holo H, Hernandez PE, Nes IF (2000) Biochemical and genetic evidence that Enterococcus faecium L50 produces enterocins L50A and L50B, the sec-dependent enterocin P, and a novel bacteriocin secreted without an N-terminal extension termed enterocin Q. J Bacteriol 182:6806–6814.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coburn PS, Gilmore MS (2003) The Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin: a novel toxin active against eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Cell Microbiol 5:661–669.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coburn PS, Hancock LE, Booth MC, Gilmore MS (1999) A novel means of self-protection, unrelated to toxin activation, confers immunity to the bactericidal effects of the Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin. Infect Immun 67:3339–3347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coburn PS, Pillar CM, Jett BD, Haas W, Gilmore MS (2004) Enterococcus faecalis senses target cells and in response expresses cytolysin. Science 306:2270–2272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP (2005a) Bacterial lantibiotics: strategies to improve therapeutic potential. Curr Prot Pept Sci 6:61–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP (2005b) Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nature Rev Microbiol 3:777–788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuozzo SA, Sesma F, Palacios JM, de Ruiz Holgado AP, Raya RR (2000) Identification and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in the synthesis of lactocin 705, a two-peptide bacteriocin from Lactobacillus casei CRL 705. FEMS Microbiol Lett 185:157–161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day AM, Cove JH, Phillips-Jones MK (2003) Cytolysin gene expression in Enterococcus faecalis is regulated in response to aerobiosis conditions. Mol Gen Genomics 269:31–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Vos WM, Kuipers OP, van der Meer JR, Siezen RJ (1995) Maturation pathway of nisin and other lantibiotics: post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptides exported by gram-positive bacteria. Mol Microbiol 17:427–437.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeHart HP, Heath HE, Heath LS, LeBlanc PA, Sloan GL (1995) The lysostaphin endopeptidase resistance gene (epr) specifies modification of peptidoglycan cross bridges in Staphylococcus simulans and Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1475–1479.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz M, Valdivia E, Martinez-Bueno M, Fernandez M, Soler-Gonzalez AS, Ramirez-Rodrigo H, Maqueda M (2003) Characterization of a new operon, as-48EFGH, from the as-48 gene cluster involved in immunity to enterocin AS-48. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1229–1236.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diep DB, Axelsson L, Grefsli C, Nes IF (2000) The synthesis of the bacteriocin sakacin A is a temperature-sensitive process regulated by a pheromone peptide through a three-component regulatory system. Microbiology 146:2155–2160.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diep DB, Myhre R, Johnsborg O, Aakra A, Nes IF (2003) Inducible bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus is regulated by differential expression of the pln operons and by two antagonizing response regulators, the activity of which is enhanced upon phosphorylation. Mol Microbiol 47:483–494.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donvito B, Etienne J, Denoroy L, Greenland T, Benito Y, Vandenesch F (1997) Synergistic hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus lugdunensis is mediated by three peptides encoded by a non-agr genetic locus. Infect Immun 65:95–100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlert K, Tschierske M, Mori C, Schroder W, Berger-Bachi B (2000) Site-specific serine incorporation by Lif and Epr into positions 3 and 5 of the staphylococcal peptidoglycan interpeptide bridge. J Bacteriol 182:2635–2638.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eijsink VG, Skeie M, Middelhoven PH, Brurberg MB, Nes IF (1998) Comparative studies of class IIa bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3275–3281.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eijsink VG, Axelsson L, Diep DB, Havarstein LS, Holo H, Nes IF (2002) Production of class II bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria; an example of biological warfare and communication. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:639–654.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faye T, Langsrud T, Nes IF, Holo H (2000) Biochemical and genetic characterization of propionicin T1, a new bacteriocin from Propionibacterium thoenii. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4230–4236.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faye T, Brede DA, Langsrud T, Nes IF, Holo H (2002) An antimicrobial peptide is produced by extracellular processing of a protein from Propionibacterium jensenii. J Bacteriol 184:3649–3656.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fimland G, Blingsmo OR, Sletten K, Jung G, Nes IF, Nissen-Meyer J (1996) New biologically active hybrid bacteriocins constructed by combining regions from various pediocin-like bacteriocins: the C-terminal region is important for determining specificity. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3313–3318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fimland G, Johnsen L, Dalhus B, Nissen-Meyer J (2005) Pediocin-like antimicrobial peptides (class IIa bacteriocins) and their immunity proteins: biosynthesis, structure, and mode of action. J Pept Sci 11:688–696.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn S, van Sinderen D, Thornton GM, Holo H, Nes IF, Collins JK (2002) Characterization of the genetic locus responsible for the production of ABP-118, a novel bacteriocin produced by the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius UCC118. Microbiology 148:973–984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredericq P (1946) Sur la pluralité des récepteurs d’antibiose de E. coli. C R Soc Biol 140:1189–1190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galvez A, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Montoya E (1985) Production of bacteriocin-like substances by group D streptococci of human origin. Microbios 43(176S):223–232.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garneau S, Martin NI, Vederas JC (2002) Two-peptide bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Biochimie 84:577–592.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgalaki MD, Van Den Berghe E, Kritikos D, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Kalantzopoulos G, De Vuyst L, Tsakalidou E (2002) Macedocin, a food-grade lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5891–5903.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore MS, Skaugen M, Nes I (1996) Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin and lactocin S of Lactobacillus sake. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69:129–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González C, Langdon GM, Bruix M, Gálvez A, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Rico M (2000) Bacteriocin AS-48, a microbial cyclic polypeptide structurally and functionally related to mammalian NK-lysin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:11221–11226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gratia A (1925) Sur un remarquable exemple d’antagonisme entre deux souches de colibacille. C R Soc Biol 93:1040–1042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gravesen A, Ramnath M, Rechinger KB, Andersen N, Jansch L, Hechard Y, Hastings JW, Knochel S (2002) High-level resistance to class IIa bacteriocins is associated with one general mechanism in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiology 148:2361–2369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross E, Morell JL (1971) The structure of nisin. J Am Chem Soc 93:4634–4635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guder A, Schmitter T, Wiedemann I, Sahl HG, Bierbaum G (2002) Role of the single regulator MrsR1 and the two-component system MrsR2/K2 in the regulation of mersacidin production and immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:106–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas W, Shepard BD, Gilmore MS (2002) Two-component regulator of Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin responds to quorum-sensing autoinduction. Nature 415:84–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hale JDF, Heng NCK, Jack RW, Tagg JR (2005a) Identification of nlmTE, the locus encoding the ABC transport system required for export of nonlantibiotic mutacins in Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 187:5036–5039.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hale JDF, Ting Y-T, Jack RW, Tagg JR, Heng NCK (2005b) Bacteriocin (mutacin) production by Streptococcus mutans genome sequence reference strain UA159: elucidation of the antimicrobial repertoire by genetic dissection. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7613–7617.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock REW (1997) Peptide antibiotics. Lancet 349:418–422.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings JW, Sailer M, Johnson K, Roy KL, Vederas JC, Stiles ME (1991) Characterization of leucocin A-UAL 187 and cloning of the bacteriocin gene from Leuconostoc gelidum. J Bacteriol 173:7491–7500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Håvarstein LS, Holo H, Nes IF (1994) The leader peptide of colicin V shares consensus sequences with leader peptides that are common among peptide bacteriocins produced by gram-positive bacteria. Microbiology 140:2383–2389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heath HE, Heath LS, Nitterauer JD, Rose KE, Sloan GL (1989) Plasmid-encoded lysostaphin endopeptidase resistance of Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 160:1106–1109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich P, Rosenstein R, Bohmer M, Sonner P, Gotz F (1987) The molecular organization of the lysostaphin gene and its sequences repeated in tandem. Mol Gen Genet 209:563–569.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heng NCK, Burtenshaw GA, Jack RW, Tagg JR (2004) Sequence analysis of pDN571, a plasmid encoding novel bacteriocin production in M-type 57 Streptococcus pyogenes. Plasmid 52:225–229.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heng NCK, Ragland NL, Swe PM, Inglis MA, Baird HJ, Tagg JR, Jack RW (2006) Dysgalacticin: a novel, plasmid-encoded bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. Microbiology 152:1991–2001.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hille M, Kies S, Gotz F, Peschel A (2001) Dual role of GdmH in producer immunity and secretion of the staphylococcal lantibiotics gallidermin and epidermin. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:1380–1383.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hindre T, Le Pennec JP, Haras D, Dufour A (2004) Regulation of lantibiotic lacticin 481 production at the transcriptional level by acid pH. FEMS Microbiol Lett 231:291–298.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyink O, Balakrishnan M, Tagg JR (2005) Streptococcus rattus strain BHT produces both a class I two-component lantibiotic and a class II bacteriocin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 252:235–241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes WL, Tagg JR (1986) Proteinase-related broad-spectrum inhibitory activity among group-A streptococci. J Med Microbiol 22:257–264.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jack RW, Tagg JR (1991) Isolation and partial structure of streptococcin A-FF22. In: Jung G, Sahl H-G (eds) Nisin and novel lantibiotics. ESCOM, Leiden, pp 171–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jack RW, Tagg JR (1992) Factors affecting production of the group A streptococcus bacteriocin SA-FF22. J Med Microbiol 36:132–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jack RW, Carne A, Metzger J, Stefanovic S, Sahl HG, Jung G, Tagg J (1994) Elucidation of the structure of SA-FF22, a lanthionine-containing antibacterial peptide produced by Streptococcus pyogenes strain FF22. Eur J Biochem 220:455–462.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jack RW, Tagg JR, Ray B (1995) Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Rev 59:171–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joerger MC, Klaenhammer TR (1986) Characterization and purification of helveticin J and evidence for a chromosomally determined bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus helveticus 481. J Bacteriol 167:439–446.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joerger MC, Klaenhammer TR (1990) Cloning, expression and nucleotide sequence of the Lactobacillus helveticus 481 gene encoding the bacteriocin helveticin J. J Bacteriol 172:6339–6347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung G (1991) Lantibiotics: a survey. In: Jung G, Sahl H-G (eds) Nisin and novel lantibiotics. ESCOM, Leiden, pp 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung G, Sahl H-G (1991) (eds) Nisin and novel lantibiotics. ESCOM, Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalmokoff ML, Banerjee SK, Cyr T, Hefford MA, Gleeson T (2001) Identification of a new plasmid-encoded sec-dependent bacteriocin produced by Listeria innocua 743. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4041–4047.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmokoff ML, Cyr TD, Hefford MA, Whitford MF, Teather RM (2003) Butyrivibriocin AR10, a new cyclic bacteriocin produced by the ruminal anaerobe Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens AR10: characterization of the gene and peptide. Can J Microbiol 49:763–773.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanatani K, Oshimura M, Sano K (1995) Isolation and characterization of acidocin A and cloning of the bacteriocin gene from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1061–1067.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karaya K, Shimizu T, Taketo A (2001) New gene cluster for lantibiotic streptin possibly involved in streptolysin S formation. J Biochem (Tokyo) 129:769–775.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai Y, Saito T, Suzuki M, Itoh T (1998) Sequence analysis by cloning of the structural gene of gassericin A, a hydrophobic bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus gasseri LA39. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 62:887–892.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai Y, Ishii Y, Arakawa K, Uemura K, Saitoh B, Nishimura J, Kitazawa H, Yamazaki Y, Tateno Y, Itoh T, Saito T (2004a) Structural and functional differences in two cyclic bacteriocins with the same sequences produced by lactobacilli. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2906–2911.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai Y, Kemperman R, Kok J, Saito T (2004b) The circular bacteriocins gassericin A and circularin A. Curr Prot Pept Sci 5:393–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemperman R, Jonker M, Nauta A, Kuipers OP, Kok J (2003a) Functional analysis of the gene cluster involved in production of the bacteriocin circularin A by Clostridium beijerinckii ATCC 25752. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:5839–5848.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemperman R, Kuipers A, Karsens H, Nauta A, Kuipers O, Kok J (2003b) Identification and characterization of two novel clostridial bacteriocins, circularin A and closticin 574. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1589–1597.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler H, Steuernagel D, Gillessen D, Kamiyama T (1987) Complete sequence determination and localisation of one imino and three sulfide bridges of the nonadecapeptide Ro09–0198 by homonuclear 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The DQF-RELAYED_NOESY experiment. Helv Chim Acta 70:726–741.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King BF, Biel ML, Wilkinson BJ (1980) Facile penetration of the Staphylococcus aureus capsule by lysostaphin. Infect Immun 29:892–896.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klaenhammer TR (1993) Genetics of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 12:39–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleerebezem M, Quadri LE (2001) Peptide pheromone-dependent regulation of antimicrobial peptide production in Gram-positive bacteria: a case of multicellular behavior. Peptides 22:1579–1596.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koponen O, Takala TM, Saarela U, Qiao M, Saris PE (2004) Distribution of the NisI immunity protein and enhancement of nisin activity by the lipid-free NisI. FEMS Microbiol Lett 231:85–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreth J, Merritt J, Shi W, Qi F (2005) Co-ordinated bacteriocin production and competence development: a possible mechanism for taking up DNA from neighbouring species. Mol Microbiol 57:392–404.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruszewska D, Sahl HG, Bierbaum G, Pag U, Hynes SO, Ljungh A (2004) Mersacidin eradicates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a mouse rhinitis model. J Antimicrob Chemother 54:648–653.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuipers OP, Beerthuyzen MM, de Ruyter PG, Luesink EJ, de Vos WM (1995) Autoregulation of nisin biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis by signal transduction. J Biol Chem 270 45:27299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacks SA (2004) Transformation. In: Tuomanen EI, Mitchell TJ, Morrison DA, Spratt BG (eds) The pneumococcus. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 89–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai AC, Tran S, Simmonds RS (2002) Functional characterization of domains found within a lytic enzyme produced by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 215:133–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leer RJ, van der Vossen JM, van Giezen M, van Noort JM, Pouwels PH (1995) Genetic analysis of acidocin B, a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus Microbiology 141:1629–1635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang Q, Simmonds RS, Timkovich R (2004) NMR evidence for independent domain structures in zoocin A, an antibacterial exoenzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 317:527–530.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon WJ, Glatz BA (1993) Isolation and purification of propionicin PLG-1, a bacteriocin produced by a strain of Propionibacterium thoenii. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:83–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado A, Ruiz-Barba JL, Jimenez-Diaz R (2004) Induction of plantaricin production in Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 after coculture with specific gram-positive bacteria is mediated by an autoinduction mechanism. J Bacteriol 186:1556–1564.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maqueda M, Gálvez A, Bueno MM, Sanchez-Barrena MJ, González C, Albert A, Rico M, Valdivia E (2004) Peptide AS-48: prototype of a new class of cyclic bacteriocins. Curr Prot Pept Sci 5:399–416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marciset O, Jeronimus-Stratingh MC, Mollet B, Poolman B (1997) Thermophilin 13, a nontypical antilisterial poration complex bacteriocin, that functions without a receptor. J Biol Chem 272:14277–14284.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marki F, Hanni E, Fredenhagen A, Oostrum J (1991) Mode of action of the lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics duramycin, duramycin B and C, and cinnamycin as indirect inhibitors of phospholipase A2. Biochem Pharmacol 42:2027–2035.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin NI, Sprules T, Carpenter MR, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP, Vederas JC (2004) Structural characterization of lacticin 3147, a two-peptide lantibiotic with synergistic activity. Biochemistry 43:3049–3056.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Bueno M, Valdivia E, Galvez A, Coyette J, Maqueda M (1998) Analysis of the gene cluster involved in production and immunity of the peptide antibiotic AS-48 in Enterococcus faecalis. Mol Microbiol 27:347–358.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathiesen G, Huehne K, Kroeckel L, Axelsson L, Eijsink VG (2005) Characterization of a new bacteriocin operon in sakacin P-producing Lactobacillus sakei, showing strong translational coupling between the bacteriocin and immunity genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3565–3574.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattick ATR, Hirsch A (1947) Further observations on an inhibitory substance (nisin) produced by group N streptococci. Lancet ii:5–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe O, Hill C, Ross RP (2000) Each peptide of the two-component lantibiotic lacticin 3147 requires a separate modification enzyme for activity. Microbiology 146:2147–2154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe O, O’Keeffe T, Hill C, Ross RP (2001a) Regulation of immunity to the two-component lantibiotic, lacticin 3147, by the transcriptional repressor LtnR. Mol Microbiol 39:982–993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe O, Ross RP, Hill C (2001b) Lantibiotics: structure, biosynthesis and mode of action. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25:285–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miescher S, Stierli MP, Teuber M, Meile L (2000) Propionicin SM1, a bacteriocin from Propionibacterium jensenii DF1: isolation and characterization of the protein and its gene. Syst Appl Microbiol 23:174–184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KW, Schamber R, Osmanagaoglu O, Ray B (1998) Isolation and characterization of pediocin AcH chimeric protein mutants with altered bactericidal activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1997–2005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan SM, O’Connor PM, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C (2005) Sequential actions of the two component peptides of the lantibiotic lacticin 3147 explain its antimicrobial activity at nanomolar concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:2606–2611.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison DA (2002) Is anybody here? Cooperative bacterial gene regulation via peptide signals between Gram-positive bacteria. In: Hodgson DA, Thomas CM (eds) Signals, switches, regulons and cascades: control of bacterial gene expression. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 231–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mota-Meira M, LaPointe G, Lacroix C, Lavoie MC (2000) MICs of mutacin B-Ny266, nisin A, vancomycin, and oxacillin against bacterial pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:24–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naruse N, Tenmyo O, Tomita K, Konishi M, Miyaki T, Kawaguchi H, Fukase K, Wakamiya T, Shiba T (1989) Lanthiopeptin, a new peptide antibiotic. Production, isolation and properties of lanthiopeptin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 42:837–845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netz DJA, Sahl H-G, Marcelino R, Nascimento JS, de Oliveira SS, Soares MB, Bastos MCF (2001) Molecular characterisation of aureocin A70, a multi-peptide bacteriocin isolated from Staphylococcus aureus. J Mol Biol 311:939–949.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Netz DJA, Pohl R, Beck-Sickinger AG, Selmer T, Pierik AJ, Bastos MCF, Sahl H-G (2002) Biochemical characterisation and genetic analysis of aureocin A53, a new, atypical bacteriocin from Staphylococcus aureus. J Mol Biol 319:745–756.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann VC, Heath HE, LeBlanc PA, Sloan GL (1993) Extracellular proteolytic activation of bacteriolytic peptidoglycan hydrolases of Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 110:205–211.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsen T, Nes IF, Holo H (2003) Enterolysin A, a cell-wall-degrading bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecalis LMG 2333. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2975–2984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nissen-Meyer J, Holo H, Havarstein LS, Sletten K, Nes IF (1992) A novel lactococcal bacteriocin whose activity depends on the complementary action of two peptides. J Bacteriol 174:5686–5692.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oldham ER, Daley MJ (1991) Lysostaphin: use of a recombinant bactericidal enzyme as a mastitis therapeutic. J Dairy Sci 74:4175–4182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke AD, Simmonds RS, Cook GM (2003) Catabolite repression of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance produced by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. In: Abstr Vol 103rd Annu Meet American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, Abstract H-006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pag U, Heidrich C, Bierbaum G, Sahl HG (1999) Molecular analysis of expression of the lantibiotic pep5 immunity phenotype. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:591–598.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paik SH, Chakicherla A, Hansen JN (1998) Identification and characterization of the structural and transporter genes for, and the chemical and biological properties of, sublancin 168, a novel lantibiotic produced by Bacillus subtilis 168. J Biol Chem 273:23134–23142.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer DE, Mierke DF, Pattaroni C, Goodman M, Wakamiya T, Fukase K, Kitazawa M, Fujita H, Shiba T (1989) Interactive NMR and computer simulation studies of lanthionine-ring structures. Biopolymers 28:397–408.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piard JC, Muriana PM, Desmazeaud MJ, Klaenhammer TR (1992) Purification and partial characterisation of lacticin 481, a lanthionine-containing bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CNRZ 481. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:279–284.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qi F, Chen P, Caufield PW (1999) Purification of mutacin III from group III Streptococcus mutans UA787 and genetic analyses of mutacin III biosynthesis genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3880–3887.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qi F, Chen P, Caufield PW (2000) Purification and biochemical characterization of mutacin I from the group I strain of Streptococcus mutans, CH43, and genetic analysis of mutacin I biosynthesis genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3221–3229.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qi F, Chen P, Caufield PW (2001) The group I strain of Streptococcus mutans, UA140, produces both the lantibiotic mutacin I and a nonlantibiotic bacteriocin, mutacin IV. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:15–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao M, Immonen T, Koponen O, Saris PE (1995) The cellular location and effect on nisin immunity of the NisI protein from Lactococcus lactis N8 expressed in Escherichia coli and L. lactis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 131:75–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramnath M, Beukes M, Tamura K, Hastings JW (2000) Absence of a putative mannose-specific phosphotransferase system enzyme IIAB component in a leucocin A-resistant strain of Listeria monocytogenes, as shown by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3098–3101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlinson EL, Nes IF, Skaugen M (2002) LasX, a transcriptional regulator of the lactocin S biosynthetic genes in Lactobacillus sakei L45, acts both as an activator and a repressor. Biochimie 84:559–567.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy KV, Aranha C, Gupta SM, Yedery RD (2004) Evaluation of antimicrobial peptide nisin as a safe vaginal contraceptive agent in rabbits: in vitro and in vivo studies. Reproduction 128:117–126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reis M, Eschbach-Bludau M, Iglesias-Wind MI, Kupke T, Sahl HG (1994) Producer immunity towards the lantibiotic Pep5: identification of the immunity gene pepI and localization and functional analysis of its gene product. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2876–2883.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley MA, Wertz JE (2002) Bacteriocins: evolution, ecology, and application. Annu Rev Microbiol 56:117–137.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rince A, Dufour A, Uguen P, Le Pennec JP, Haras D (1997) Characterization of the lacticin 481 operon: the Lactococcus lactis genes lctF, lctE, and lctG encode a putative ABC transporter involved in bacteriocin immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4252–4260.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rink R, Kuipers A, de Boef E, Leenhouts KJ, Driessen AJ, Moll GN, Kuipers OP (2005) Lantibiotic structures as guidelines for the design of peptides that can be modified by lantibiotic enzymes. Biochemistry 44:8873–8882.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JM, Hardman JK, Sloan GL (1979) Relationship between lysostaphin endopeptidase production and cell wall composition in Staphylococcus staphylolyticus. J Bacteriol 137:1158–1164.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez JM, Martinez MI, Kok J (2002) Pediocin PA-1, a wide-spectrum bacteriocin from lactic acid bacteria. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 42:91–121.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers LA (1928) The inhibitory effect of Streptococcus lactis on Lactobacillus bulgaricus. J Bacteriol 16:321–325.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross KF, Ronson CW, Tagg JR (1993) Isolation and characterization of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its structural gene salA from Streptococcus salivarius 20P3. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2014–2021.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan MP, Jack RW, Josten M, Sahl HG, Jung G, Ross RP, Hill C (1999) Extensive post-translational modification, including serine to D-alanine conversion, in the two-component lantibiotic, lacticin 3147. J Biol Chem 274:37544–37550.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sahl HG (1994) Staphylococcin 1580 is identical to the lantibiotic epidermin: implications for the nature of bacteriocins from gram-positive bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:752–755.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler CA, Schuhardt VT (1964) Lysostaphin: a new bacteriolytic agent for the staphylococcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 51:414–421.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel R, Slade HD (1973) Properties of a Streptococcus sanguis (group H) bacteriocin and its separation from the competence factor of transformation. J Bacteriol 115:655–661.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider TR, Karcher J, Pohl E, Lubini P, Sheldrick GM (2000) Ab initio structure determination of the lantibiotic mersacidin. Acta Crystallogr Sect D Biol Crystallogr 56:705–713.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnell N, Entian KD, Schneider U, Gotz F, Zahner H, Kellner R, Jung G (1988) Prepeptide sequence of epidermin, a ribosomally synthesized antibiotic with four sulphide-rings. Nature 333:276–278.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah A, Mond J, Walsh S (2004) Lysostaphin-coated catheters eradicate Staphylococccus aureus challenge and block surface colonization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2704–2707.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds RS, Pearson L, Kennedy RC, Tagg JR (1996) Mode of action of a lysostaphin-like bacteriolytic agent produced by Streptococcus zooepidemicus 4881. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:4536–4541.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds RS, Simpson WJ, Tagg JR (1997) Cloning and sequence analysis of zooA, a Streptococcus zooepidemicus gene encoding a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance having a domain structure similar to that of lysostaphin. Gene 189:255–261.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson WJ, Tagg JR (1983) M-type 57 group A streptococcus bacteriocin. Can J Microbiol 29:1445–1451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson WJ, Tagg JR (1984) Survey of the plasmid content of group A streptococci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 23:195–199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson WJ, Ragland NL, Ronson CW, Tagg JR (1995) A lantibiotic gene family widely distributed in Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes. Dev Biol Stand 85:639–643.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein T, Entian KD (2002) Maturation of the lantibiotic subtilin: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to monitor precursors and their proteolytic processing in crude bacterial cultures. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16:103–110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugai M, Fujiwara T, Akiyama T, Ohara M, Komatsuzawa H, Inoue S, Suginaka H (1997a) Purification and molecular characterization of glycylglycine endopeptidase produced by Staphylococcus capitis EPK1. J Bacteriol 179:1193–1202.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugai M, Fujiwara T, Ohta K, Komatsuzawa H, Ohara M, Suginaka H (1997b) epr, which encodes glycylglycine endopeptidase resistance, is homologous to femAB and affects serine content of peptidoglycan cross bridges in Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 179:4311–4318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagg JR (1992) Bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria: an opinion regarding their nature, nomenclature and numbers. In: James R, Lazdunski C, Pattus F (eds) Bacteriocins, microcins and lantibiotics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, NATO ASI Series vol H65, pp 33–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagg JR, Bannister LV (1979) “Fingerprinting” beta-haemolytic streptococci by their production of and sensitivity to bacteriocine-like inhibitors. J Med Microbiol 12:397–411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagg JR, Dierksen KP (2003) Bacterial replacement therapy: adapting ‘germ warfare’ to infection prevention. Trends Biotechnol 21:217–223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagg JR, Wong HK (1983) Inhibitor production by group G streptococci of human and of animal origin. J Med Microbiol 16:409–415.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagg JR, Dajani AS, Wannamaker LW (1976) Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 40:722–756.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thumm G, Gotz F (1997) Studies on prolysostaphin processing and characterization of the lysostaphin immunity factor (Lif) of Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus. Mol Microbiol 23:1251–1265.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tompkins GR, Peavey MA, Birchmeier KR, Tagg JR (1997) Bacteriocin production and sensitivity among coaggregating and noncoaggregating oral streptococci. Oral Microbiol Immunol 12:98–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Upton M, Tagg JR, Wescombe P, Jenkinson HF (2001) Intra- and interspecies signaling between Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes mediated by SalA and SalA1 lantibiotic peptides. J Bacteriol 183:3931–3938.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vadyvaloo V, Arous S, Gravesen A, Hechard Y, Chauhan-Haubrock R, Hastings JW, Rautenbach M (2004) Cell-surface alterations in class IIa bacteriocin-resistant Listeria monocytogenes strains. Microbiology 150:3025–3033.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Hooven HW, Lagerwerf FM, Heerma W, Haverkamp J, Piard JC, Hilbers CW, Siezen RJ, Kuipers OP, Rollema HS (1996) The structure of the lantibiotic lacticin 481 produced by Lactococcus lactis: location of the thioether bridges. FEBS Lett 391:317–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Merwe IR, Bauer R, Britz TJ, Dicks LM (2004) Characterization of thoeniicin 447, a bacteriocin isolated from Propionibacterium thoenii strain 447. Int J Food Microbiol 92:153–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Ploeg JR (2005) Regulation of bacteriocin production in Streptococcus mutans by the quorum-sensing system required for development of genetic competence. J Bacteriol 187:3980–3989.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan A, Eijsink VG, van Sinderen D (2003) Functional characterization of a composite bacteriocin locus from malt isolate Lactobacillus sakei 5. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:7194–7203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan A, O’Mahony J, Eijsink VG, O’Connell-Motherway M, van Sinderen D (2004) Transcriptional analysis of bacteriocin production by malt isolate Lactobacillus sakei 5. FEMS Microbiol Lett 235:377–384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venema K, Kok J, Marugg JD, Toonen MY, Ledeboer AM, Venema G, Chikindas ML (1995) Functional analysis of the pediocin operon of Pediococcus acidilactici PAC1.0: PedB is the immunity protein and PedD is the precursor processing enzyme. Mol Microbiol 17:515–522.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Wilkinson BJ, Jayaswal RK (1991) Sequence analysis of a Staphylococcus aureus gene encoding a peptidoglycan hydrolase activity. Gene 102:105–109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wescombe PA, Tagg JR (2003) Purification and characterization of streptin, a type A1 lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2737–2747.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wescombe PA, Heng NCK, Jack RW, Tagg JR (2005) Bacteriocins associated with cytotoxicity for eukaryotic cells. In: Proft T (ed) Microbial toxins: molecular and cellular biology. Horizon Bioscience, Wymondham, pp 399–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wescombe PA, Burton JP, Cadieux PA, Klesse NA, Hyink O, Heng NCK, Chilcott CN, Reid G, Tagg JR (2006a) Megaplasmids encode differing combinations of lantibiotics in Streptococcus salivarius. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (DOI: 10.2007/s10482–006-9081-y).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wescombe PA, Upton M, Dierksen KP, Ragland NL, Sivabalan S, Wirawan RE, Inglis MA, Moore CJ, Walker GV, Chilcott CN, Jenkinson HF, Tagg JR (2006b) Production of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its variants by oral streptococci and use of a specific induction assay to detect their presence in human saliva. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1459–1466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widdick DA, Dodd HM, Barraille P, White J, Stein TH, Chater KF, Gasson MJ, Bibb MJ (2003) Cloning and engineering of the cinnamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces cinnamoneus cinnamoneus DSM 40005. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:4316–4321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirawan RE, Klesse NA, Jack RW, Tagg JR (2006) Molecular and genetic characterization of a novel nisin produced by Streptococcus uberis. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1148–1156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong HK, Tagg JR, Hynes WL (1981) Bacteriocin-like inhibitors of group A streptococci produced by group F and group G streptococci. Proc Univ Otago Med School 59:105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu JA, Kusuma C, Mond JJ, Kokai-Kun JF (2003) Lysostaphin disrupts Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms on artificial surfaces. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3407–3414.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yonezawa H, Kuramitsu HK (2005) Genetic analysis of a unique bacteriocin, Smb, produced by Streptococcus mutans GS5. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:541–548.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 56, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Nicholas C. K. Heng

  2. BLIS Technologies Ltd., 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Philip A. Wescombe

  3. BLIS Technologies Ltd., 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Jeremy P. Burton

  4. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 56, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Ralph W. Jack

  5. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 56, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand

    John R. Tagg

Authors
  1. Nicholas C. K. Heng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Philip A. Wescombe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jeremy P. Burton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ralph W. Jack
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John R. Tagg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, 221 Morril Science Center III, MA 01003, Amherst, USA

    Margaret A. Riley

  2. Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, 221 Morril Science Center III, MA 01003, Amherst, USA

    Milind A. Chavan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Heng, N.C.K., Wescombe, P.A., Burton, J.P., Jack, R.W., Tagg, J.R. (2007). The Diversity of Bacteriocins in Gram-Positive Bacteria. In: Riley, M.A., Chavan, M.A. (eds) Bacteriocins. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36604-1_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation