Summary Paragraph
Common human diseases are frequently polygenic in architecture, comprising a large number of risk alleles with small effects spread across the genome1–3. Polygenic scores (PGSs) aggregate these alleles into a metric which represents an individual’s genetic predisposition to a specific disease. PGSs have shown promise for early risk prediction4–7, and there is potential to use PGSs to understand disease biology in parallel8. Here, we investigate the role plasma protein levels play in cardiometabolic disease risk in a cohort of 3,087 healthy individuals using PGSs. We found PGSs for coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and ischaemic stroke (IS) were associated with levels of 49 plasma proteins. These associations were polygenic in architecture, largely independent of cis protein QTLs, and robust to environmental variation. Over a median 7.7 years follow-up, 28 of these plasma proteins were associated with future myocardial infarction (MI) or T2D events, 16 of which were causal mediators between polygenic risk and incident disease. These protein mediators of polygenic disease risk included targets of approved therapies which may have repurposing potential. Our results demonstrate that PGSs can identify proteins with causal roles in disease, and may have utility in drug development.
Competing Interest Statement
Dr. Sekar Kathiresan is the CEO of Verve Therapeutics. Dr. Matthew Arnold is an employee of AstraZeneca. Dr. Petar Scepanovic is an employee of Roche. Dr. Jonathan Marten is an employee of Genomics PLC.
Footnotes
The manuscript has been significantly revised in light of reviewer feedback: - Electronic health record data has been obtained enabling us to link polygenic risk to protein levels to disease outcomes, and identify causal proteins through mediation analysis. - The polygenic architecture of PGS to protein associations has been dissected - Improved Mendelian randomisation analyses - Improved drug target analysis - Removed mouse data and experiments