PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - István Bartha
AU  - Antonio Rausell
AU  - Paul J McLaren
AU  - Pejman Mohammadi
AU  - Manuel Tardaguila
AU  - Nimisha Chaturvedi
AU  - Jacques Fellay
AU  - Amalio Telenti
TI  - Heterozygous gene truncation delineates the human haploinsufficient genome
AID  - 10.1101/010611
DP  - 2015 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 010611
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/07/07/010611.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/07/07/010611.full
AB  - Sequencing projects have identified large numbers of rare stop-gain and frameshift variants in the human genome. As most of these are observed in the heterozygous state, they test a gene’s tolerance to haploinsufficiency and dominant loss of function. We analyzed the distribution of truncating variants across 16,260 protein coding autosomal genes in 11,546 individuals. We observed 39,893 truncating variants affecting 12,062 genes, which significantly differed from an expectation of 12,916 genes under a model of neutral de novo mutation (p< 10−4). Extrapolating this to increasing numbers of sequenced individuals, we estimate that 10.8% of human genes do not tolerate heterozygous truncating variants. An additional 10 to 15% of truncated genes may be rescued by incomplete penetrance or compensatory mutations, or because the truncating variants are of limited functional impact. The study of protein truncating variants delineates the essential genome and, more generally, identifies rare heterozygous variants as an unexplored source of diversity of phenotypic traits and diseases