PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Erik L. Meijs AU - Heleen A. Slagter AU - Floris P. de Lange AU - Simon van Gaal TI - Dynamic interactions between top-down expectations and conscious awareness AID - 10.1101/151019 DP - 2017 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 151019 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/06/16/151019.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/06/16/151019.full AB - It is well known that top-down expectations affect perceptual processes. Yet, remarkably little is known about the relationship between expectations and conscious awareness We address three crucial questions that are outstanding: 1) How do predictions affect the likelihood of conscious stimulus perception?; 2) Does the brain register violations of predictions nonconsciously?; and 3) Do predictions need to be conscious to influence perceptual decisions? We performed three experiments in which we manipulated stimulus predictability within the attentional blink paradigm, while combining visual psychophysics with electrophysiological recordings. We found that valid stimulus expectations increase the likelihood of conscious access of stimuli. Furthermore, our findings suggest a clear dissociation in the interaction between expectations and consciousness: conscious awareness seems crucial for the implementation of top-down predictions, but not for the bottom-up generation of stimulus-evoked prediction errors. These results constrain and update influential theories about the role of consciousness in the predictive brain.