PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Weijian Yang AU - Luis Carrillo-Reid AU - Yuki Bando AU - Darcy S. Peterka AU - Rafael Yuste TI - Three-dimensional Two-Photon Optogenetics and Imaging of Neural Circuits <em>in vivo</em> AID - 10.1101/132506 DP - 2017 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 132506 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/30/132506.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/30/132506.full AB - We demonstrate a holographic system for simultaneous three-dimensional (3D) two-photon stimulation and imaging of neural activity in the mouse neocortex in vivo with cellular resolution. Dual two-photon excitation paths are implemented with independent 3D targeting for calcium imaging and precision optogenetics. We validate the usefulness of the microscope by photoactivating local pools of interneurons in awake mice visual cortex in 3D, which suppress the nearby pyramidal neurons’ response to visual stimuli.