TY - JOUR T1 - Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/001552 SP - 001552 AU - Iosif Lazaridis AU - Nick Patterson AU - Alissa Mittnik AU - Gabriel Renaud AU - Swapan Mallick AU - Peter H. Sudmant AU - Joshua G. Schraiber AU - Sergi Castellano AU - Karola Kirsanow AU - Christos Economou AU - Ruth Bollongino AU - Qiaomei Fu AU - Kirsten I. Bos AU - Susanne Nordenfelt AU - Cesare de Filippo AU - Kay Prüfer AU - Susanna Sawyer AU - Cosimo Posth AU - Wolfgang Haak AU - Fredrik Hallgren AU - Elin Fornander AU - George Ayodo AU - Hamza A. Babiker AU - Elena Balanovska AU - Oleg Balanovsky AU - Haim Ben-Ami AU - Judit Bene AU - Fouad Berrada AU - Francesca Brisighelli AU - George Busby AU - Francesco Cali AU - Mikhail Churnosov AU - David E. C. Cole AU - Larissa Damba AU - Dominique Delsate AU - George van Driem AU - Stanislav Dryomov AU - Sardana A. Fedorova AU - Michael Francken AU - Irene Gallego Romero AU - Marina Gubina AU - Jean-Michel Guinet AU - Michael Hammer AU - Brenna Henn AU - Tor Hervig AU - Ugur Hodoglugil AU - Aashish R. Jha AU - Rick Kittles AU - Elza Khusnutdinova AU - Toomas Kivisild AU - Vaidutis Kučinskas AU - Rita Khusainova AU - Alena Kushniarevich AU - Leila Laredj AU - Sergey Litvinov AU - Robert W. Mahley AU - Béla Melegh AU - Ene Metspalu AU - Joanna Mountain AU - Thomas Nyambo AU - Ludmila Osipova AU - Jüri Parik AU - Fedor Platanov AU - Olga Posukh AU - Valentino Romano AU - Igor Rudan AU - Ruslan Ruizbakiev AU - Hovhannes Sahakyan AU - Antonio Salas AU - Elena B. Starikovskaya AU - Ayele Tarekegn AU - Draga Toncheva AU - Shahlo Turdikulova AU - Ingrida Uktveryte AU - Olga Utevska AU - Mikhail Voevoda AU - Joachim Wahl AU - Pierre Zalloua AU - Levon Yepiskoposyan AU - Tatijana Zemunik AU - Alan Cooper AU - Cristian Capelli AU - Mark G. Thomas AU - Sarah A. Tishkoff AU - Lalji Singh AU - Kumarasamy Thangaraj AU - Richard Villems AU - David Comas AU - Rem Sukernik AU - Mait Metspalu AU - Matthias Meyer AU - Evan E. Eichler AU - Joachim Burger AU - Montgomery Slatkin AU - Svante Pääbo AU - Janet Kelso AU - David Reich AU - Johannes Krause Y1 - 2013/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2013/12/23/001552.abstract N2 - Analysis of ancient DNA can reveal historical events that are difficult to discern through study of present-day individuals. To investigate European population history around the time of the agricultural transition, we sequenced complete genomes from a ∼7,500 year old early farmer from the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture from Stuttgart in Germany and an ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from the Loschbour rock shelter in Luxembourg. We also generated data from seven ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Motala in Sweden. We compared these genomes and published ancient DNA to new data from 2,196 samples from 185 diverse populations to show that at least three ancestral groups contributed to present-day Europeans. The first are Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who are more closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians than to any present-day population. The second are West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), related to the Loschbour individual, who contributed to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners. The third are Early European Farmers (EEF), related to the Stuttgart individual, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model the deep relationships of these populations and show that about ∼44% of the ancestry of EEF derived from a basal Eurasian lineage that split prior to the separation of other non-Africans. ER -