TY - JOUR T1 - Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/013433 SP - 013433 AU - Wolfgang Haak AU - Iosif Lazaridis AU - Nick Patterson AU - Nadin Rohland AU - Swapan Mallick AU - Bastien Llamas AU - Guido Brandt AU - Susanne Nordenfelt AU - Eadaoin Harney AU - Kristin Stewardson AU - Qiaomei Fu AU - Alissa Mittnik AU - Eszter Bánffy AU - Christos Economou AU - Michael Francken AU - Susanne Friederich AU - Rafael Garrido Pena AU - Fredrik Hallgren AU - Valery Khartanovich AU - Aleksandr Khokhlov AU - Michael Kunst AU - Pavel Kuznetsov AU - Harald Meller AU - Oleg Mochalov AU - Vayacheslav Moiseyev AU - Nicole Nicklisch AU - Sandra L. Pichler AU - Roberto Risch AU - Manuel A. Rojo Guerra AU - Christina Roth AU - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy AU - Joachim Wahl AU - Matthias Meyer AU - Johannes Krause AU - Dorcas Brown AU - David Anthony AU - Alan Cooper AU - Kurt Werner Alt AU - David Reich Y1 - 2015/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433.abstract N2 - We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies1–⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓8 and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6. By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin9 of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe. ER -