RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 013433
DO 10.1101/013433
A1 Wolfgang Haak
A1 Iosif Lazaridis
A1 Nick Patterson
A1 Nadin Rohland
A1 Swapan Mallick
A1 Bastien Llamas
A1 Guido Brandt
A1 Susanne Nordenfelt
A1 Eadaoin Harney
A1 Kristin Stewardson
A1 Qiaomei Fu
A1 Alissa Mittnik
A1 Eszter Bánffy
A1 Christos Economou
A1 Michael Francken
A1 Susanne Friederich
A1 Rafael Garrido Pena
A1 Fredrik Hallgren
A1 Valery Khartanovich
A1 Aleksandr Khokhlov
A1 Michael Kunst
A1 Pavel Kuznetsov
A1 Harald Meller
A1 Oleg Mochalov
A1 Vayacheslav Moiseyev
A1 Nicole Nicklisch
A1 Sandra L. Pichler
A1 Roberto Risch
A1 Manuel A. Rojo Guerra
A1 Christina Roth
A1 Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
A1 Joachim Wahl
A1 Matthias Meyer
A1 Johannes Krause
A1 Dorcas Brown
A1 David Anthony
A1 Alan Cooper
A1 Kurt Werner Alt
A1 David Reich
YR 2015
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433.abstract
AB We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies1–⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓8 and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6. By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin9 of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.