@article {Haak013433, author = {Wolfgang Haak and Iosif Lazaridis and Nick Patterson and Nadin Rohland and Swapan Mallick and Bastien Llamas and Guido Brandt and Susanne Nordenfelt and Eadaoin Harney and Kristin Stewardson and Qiaomei Fu and Alissa Mittnik and Eszter B{\'a}nffy and Christos Economou and Michael Francken and Susanne Friederich and Rafael Garrido Pena and Fredrik Hallgren and Valery Khartanovich and Aleksandr Khokhlov and Michael Kunst and Pavel Kuznetsov and Harald Meller and Oleg Mochalov and Vayacheslav Moiseyev and Nicole Nicklisch and Sandra L. Pichler and Roberto Risch and Manuel A. Rojo Guerra and Christina Roth and Anna Sz{\'e}cs{\'e}nyi-Nagy and Joachim Wahl and Matthias Meyer and Johannes Krause and Dorcas Brown and David Anthony and Alan Cooper and Kurt Werner Alt and David Reich}, title = {Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe}, elocation-id = {013433}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1101/013433}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, abstract = {We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies1{\textendash}⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓8 and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6. By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin9 of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.}, URL = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433}, eprint = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433.full.pdf}, journal = {bioRxiv} }