PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Yuan O Zhu AU - Pauline PK Aw AU - Paola Florez de Sessions AU - Shuzhen Hong AU - Lee Xian See AU - Lewis Z Hong AU - Andreas Wilm AU - Chen Hao Li AU - Stephane Hue AU - Seng Gee Lim AU - Niranjan Nagarajan AU - William F Burkholder AU - Martin Hibberd TI - Single-virion Sequencing of Lamivudine Treated HBV Populations Reveal Population Evolution Dynamics and Demographic History AID - 10.1101/129023 DP - 2017 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 129023 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/20/129023.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/20/129023.full AB - Viral populations are complex, dynamic, and fast evolving. The evolution of groups of closely related viruses in a competitive environment is termed quasispecies. To fully understand the role that quasispecies play in viral evolution, characterizing the trajectories of viral genotypes in an evolving population is the key. In particular, long-range haplotype information for thousands of individual viruses is critical; yet generating this information is non-trivial. Popular deep sequencing methods generate relatively short reads that do not preserve linkage information, while third generation sequencing methods have higher error rates that make detection of low frequency mutations a bioinformatics challenge. Here we applied BAsE-Seq, an Illumina-based single-virion sequencing technology, to eight samples from four chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients – once before antiviral treatment and once after viral rebound due to resistance. We obtained 248-8,796 single-virion sequences per sample, which allowed us to find evidence for both hard and soft selective sweeps. We were also able to reconstruct population demographic history that was independently verified by clinically collected data. We further verified four of the samples independently on PacBio and Illumina sequencers. Overall, we showed that single-virion sequencing yields insight into viral evolution and population dynamics in an efficient and high throughput manner. We believe that single-virion sequencing is widely applicable to the study of viral evolution in the context of drug resistance, differentiating between soft or hard selective sweeps, and the reconstruction of intra-host viral population demographic history.