PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Lupis Ribeiro AU - Vitória Tobias-Santos AU - Danielle Santos AU - Felipe Antunes AU - Geórgia Feltran AU - Jackson de Souza Menezes AU - L. Aravind AU - Thiago Motta Venancio AU - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca TI - Evolution and multiple roles of the Pancrustacea specific transcription factor <em>zelda</em> in insects AID - 10.1101/126417 DP - 2017 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 126417 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/11/126417.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/04/11/126417.full AB - Gene regulatory networks (GRN) evolve as a result of the coevolutionary process acting on transcription factors and the cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) they bind. The zinc-finger transcription factor (TF) zelda (zld) is essential for maternal zygotic transition (MZT) in Drosophila melanogaster, where it directly binds over thousand CRMs to regulate chromatin accessibility. D. melanogaster displays a long germ type of embryonic development, where all segments are simultaneously generated along the whole egg. However, it remains unclear if zld is also involved in MZT of short-germ insects (including those from basal lineages) or in other biological processes. Here we show that zld is an innovation of the Pancrustacea lineage, being absent in more distant arthropods (e.g. chelicerates) and other organisms. To better understand zld’s ancestral function, we thoroughly investigated its roles in a short-germ beetle, Tribolium castaneum, using molecular biology and computational approaches. Our results demonstrate roles for zld not only during the MZT, but also in posterior segmentation and patterning of imaginal disc derived structures. Further, we also demonstrate that zld is critical for posterior segmentation in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus, indicating this function predates the origin of holometabolous insects and was subsequently lost in long-germ insects. Our results unveil new roles of zld in maintaining pluripotent state of progenitor cells at the posterior region and suggest that changes in expression of zld (and probably other pioneer TFs) are critical in the evolution of insect GRNs.