PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Gábor Csárdi
AU  - Alexander Franks
AU  - David S. Choi
AU  - Edoardo M. Airoldi
AU  - D. Allan Drummond
TI  - Accounting for experimental noise reveals that mRNA levels, amplified by post-transcriptional processes, largely determine steady-state protein levels in yeast
AID  - 10.1101/009472
DP  - 2014 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 009472
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/12/26/009472.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/12/26/009472.full
AB  - Cells respond to their environment by modulating protein levels through mRNA transcription and post-transcriptional control. Modest observed correlations between global steady-state mRNA and protein measurements have been interpreted as evidence that mRNA levels determine roughly 40% of the variation in protein levels, indicating dominant post-transcriptional effects. However, the techniques underlying these conclusions, such as correlation and regression, yield biased results when data are noisy, missing systematically, and collinear—properties of mRNA and protein measurements—which motivated us to revisit this subject. Noise-robust analyses of 24 studies of budding yeast reveal that mRNA levels explain more than 85% of the variation in steady-state protein levels. Protein levels are not proportional to mRNA levels, but rise much more rapidly. Regulation of translation suffices to explain this nonlinear effect, revealing post-transcriptional amplification of, rather than competition with, transcriptional signals. These results substantially revise widely credited models of protein-level regulation, and introduce multiple noise-aware approaches essential for proper analysis of many biological phenomena.