PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Jacek P. Dmochowski
AU  - Laurent Koessler
AU  - Anthony M. Norcia
AU  - Marom Bikson
AU  - Lucas C. Parra
TI  - Optimal use of EEG recordings to target active brain areas with transcranial electrical stimulation
AID  - 10.1101/078758
DP  - 2016 Jan 01
TA  - bioRxiv
PG  - 078758
4099  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/12/19/078758.short
4100  - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/12/19/078758.full
AB  - To demonstrate causal relationships between brain and behavior, investigators would like to guide brain stimulation using measurements of neural activity. Particularly promising in this context are electroen-cephalography (EEG) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), as they are linked by a reciprocity principle which, despite being known for decades, has not led to a formalism for relating EEG recordings to optimal stimulation parameters. Here we derive a closed-form expression for the TES configuration that optimally stimulates (i.e., targets) the sources of recorded EEG, without making any assumptions about source location or distribution. We also derive a duality between TES targeting and EEG source localization, and demonstrate that in cases where source localization fails, so does the proposed targeting. Numerical simulations with realistic head models confirm these theoretical predictions and quantify the achieved stimulation in terms of focality and intensity. We show that constraining the stimulation currents can lead to optimal montages that involve only a few electrodes, with only a minor loss in performance. The proposed technique allows brain scientists and clinicians to rationally target the sources of observed EEG and thus overcomes a major obstacle to the realization of closed-loop brain stimulation.