TY - JOUR T1 - New genes and functional innovation in mammals JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/090860 SP - 090860 AU - José Luis Villanueva-Cañas AU - Jorge Ruiz-Orera AU - Isabel Agea AU - Maria Gallo AU - David Andreu AU - Mar Albà Y1 - 2016/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/12/01/090860.abstract N2 - The birth of genes that encode new proteins is a major source of evolutionary innovation. However, we still understand relatively little about how these genes come into being and which functions they are selected for. Here we address this question by generating a comprehensive list of mammalian-specific gene families originated at different times during mammalian evolution. We combine gene annotations and de novo transcript assemblies from 30 mammalian species, obtaining about 6,000 families with different species composition. We show that the families which arose early in mammalian evolution (basal) are relatively well-characterized. They are enriched in secreted proteins and include milk and skin polypeptides, immune response components and, proteins involved in spermatogenesis. In contrast, there is a severe lack of knowledge about the functions of proteins which have a more recent origin in certain mammalian groups (young), despite the fact that they have extensive proteomics support. Interestingly, we find that both young and basal mammalian-specific gene families show similar gene expression biases, with a marked enrichment in testis. Proteins from both groups tend to be short and depleted in aromatic and negatively charged residues. This indicates shared mechanisms of formation and suggests that the youngest proteins may have been retained for similar kinds of functions as the oldest ones. We identify several previously described cases of genes originated de novo from non-coding genomic regions, supporting the idea that this mechanism frequently underlies the evolution of new protein-coding genes. The catalogue of gene families generated here provides a unique resource for studies on the role of new genes in mammalian-specific adaptations. ER -