RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 084806
DO 10.1101/084806
A1 Martin Bulla
A1 Mihai Valcu
A1 Adriaan M. Dokter
A1 Alexei G. Dondua
A1 András Kosztolányi
A1 Anne Rutten
A1 Barbara Helm
A1 Brett K. Sandercock
A1 Bruce Casler
A1 Bruno J. Ens
A1 Caleb S. Spiegel
A1 Chris J. Hassell
A1 Clemens Küpper
A1 Clive Minton
A1 Daniel Burgas
A1 David B. Lank
A1 David C. Payer
A1 Egor Y. Loktinov
A1 Erica Nol
A1 Eunbi Kwon
A1 Fletcher Smith
A1 H. River Gates
A1 Hana Vitnerová
A1 Hanna Prüter
A1 James A. Johnson
A1 James J. H. St Clair
A1 Jean-François Lamarre
A1 Jennie Rausch
A1 Jeroen Reneerkens
A1 Jesse R. Conklin
A1 Joana Burger
A1 Joe Liebezeit
A1 Joël Bêty
A1 Jonathan T. Coleman
A1 Jordi Figuerola
A1 Jos C. E. W. Hooijmeijer
A1 José A. Alves
A1 Joseph A. M. Smith
A1 Karel Weidinger
A1 Kari Koivula
A1 Ken Gosbell
A1 Larry Niles
A1 Laura Koloski
A1 Laura McKinnon
A1 Libor Praus
A1 Marcel Klaassen
A1 Marie-Andrée Giroux
A1 Martin Sládeček
A1 Megan L. Boldenow
A1 Michael Exo
A1 Michael I. Goldstein
A1 Miroslav šálek
A1 Nathan Senner
A1 Nelli Rönkä
A1 Nicolas Lecomte
A1 Olivier Gilg
A1 Orsolya Vincze
A1 Oscar W. Johnson
A1 Paul A. Smith
A1 Paul F. Woodard
A1 Pavel S. Tomkovich
A1 Phil Battley
A1 Rebecca Bentzen
A1 Richard B. Lanctot
A1 Ron Porter
A1 Sarah T. Saalfeld
A1 Scott Freeman
A1 Stephen C. Brown
A1 Stephen Yezerinac
A1 Tamás Székely
A1 Tomás Montalvo
A1 Theunis Piersma
A1 Vanessa Loverti
A1 Veli-Matti Pakanen
A1 Wim Tijsen
A1 Bart Kempenaers
YR 2016
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/11/01/084806.abstract
AB The behavioural rhythms of organisms are thought to be under strong selection, influenced by the rhythmicity of the environment 1–4. Behavioural rhythms are well studied in isolated individuals under laboratory conditions1,5, but in free-living populations, individuals have to temporally synchronize their activities with those of others, including potential mates, competitors, prey and predators6–10. Individuals can temporally segregate their daily activities (e.g. prey avoiding predators, subordinates avoiding dominants) or synchronize their activities (e.g. group foraging, communal defence, pairs reproducing or caring for offspring)6–9,11. The behavioural rhythms that emerge from such social synchronization and the underlying evolutionary and ecological drivers that shape them remain poorly understood5–7,9. Here, we address this in the context of biparental care, a particularly sensitive phase of social synchronization12 where pair members potentially compromise their individual rhythms. Using data from 729 nests of 91 populations of 32 biparentally-incubating shorebird species, where parents synchronize to achieve continuous coverage of developing eggs, we report remarkable within–and between-species diversity in incubation rhythms. Between species, the median length of one parent’s incubation bout varied from one to 19 hours, while period length–the cycle of female and male probability to incubate–varied from six to 43 hours. The length of incubation bouts was unrelated to variables reflecting energetic demands, but species relying on crypsis had longer incubation bouts than those that are readily visible or actively protect their nest against predators. Rhythms entrainable to the 24-h light-dark cycle were less likely at high latitudes and absent in 18 species. Our results indicate that even under similar environmental conditions and despite 24-h environmental cues, social synchronization can generate far more diverse behavioural rhythms than expected from studies of individuals in captivity5–7,9. The risk of predation, not the risk of starvation, may be a key factor underlying the diversity in these rhythms.