TY - JOUR T1 - Host genome integration and giant virus-induced reactivation of the virophage mavirus JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/068312 SP - 068312 AU - Matthias G. Fischer AU - Thomas Hackl Y1 - 2016/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/14/068312.abstract N2 - Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are increasingly found in eukaryotic genomes1, yet little is known about their origins, dynamics, or function. Here, we provide a compelling example of a DNA virus that readily integrates into a eukaryotic genome where it acts as an inducible antiviral defense system. We found that the virophage mavirus2, a parasite of the giant Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV)3, integrates at multiple sites within the nuclear genome of the marine protozoan Cafeteria roenbergensis4. The endogenous mavirus is structurally and genetically similar to eukaryotic DNA transposons and endogenous viruses of the Maverick/Polinton family5–7. Provirophage genes are not constitutively expressed, but are specifically activated by superinfection with CroV, which induces the production of infectious mavirus particles. Virophages can inhibit the replication of mimivirus-like giant viruses and an anti-viral protective effect of provirophages on their hosts has been hypothesized2,8. We found that provirophage-carrying cells are not directly protected from CroV; however, lysis of these cells releases infectious mavirus particles that are then able to suppress CroV replication and enhance host survival during subsequent rounds of infection. The microbial host-parasite interaction described here involves an altruistic aspect and suggests that giant virus-induced activation of provirophages may be ecologically relevant in natural protist populations. ER -