RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Tracing the genetic origin of Europe’s first farmers reveals insights into their social organization JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 008664 DO 10.1101/008664 A1 Anna Szécsényi-Nagy A1 Guido Brandt A1 Victoria Keerl A1 János Jakucs A1 Wolfgang Haak A1 Sabine Möller-Rieker A1 Kitti Köhler A1 Balázs Gusztáv Mende A1 Marc Fecher A1 Krisztián Oross A1 Tibor Marton A1 Anett Osztás A1 Viktória Kiss A1 György Pálfi A1 Erika Molnár A1 Katalin Sebők A1 András Czene A1 Tibor Paluch A1 Mario Šlaus A1 Mario Novak A1 Nives Pećina-Šlaus A1 Brigitta Ősz A1 Vanda Voicsek A1 Krisztina Somogyi A1 Gábor Tóth A1 Bernd Kromer A1 Eszter Bánffy A1 Kurt W. Alt YR 2014 UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/09/03/008664.abstract AB Farming was established in Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK), a well-investigated archaeological horizon, which emerged in the Carpathian Basin, in today’s Hungary. However, the genetic background of the LBK genesis has not been revealed yet. Here we present 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic, Neolithic Starčevo and LBK sites (7th/6th millennium BC) from the Carpathian Basin and south-eastern Europe. We detect genetic continuity of both maternal and paternal elements during the initial spread of agriculture, and confirm the substantial genetic impact of early farming south-eastern European and Carpathian Basin cultures on Central European populations of the 6th-4th millennium BC. Our comprehensive Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA population genetic analyses demonstrate a clear affinity of the early farmers to the modern Near East and Caucasus, tracing the expansion from that region through south-eastern Europe and the Carpathian Basin into Central Europe. Our results also reveal contrasting patterns for male and female genetic diversity in the European Neolithic, suggesting patrilineal descent system and patrilocal residential rules among the early farmers.Author Summary We report an exceptional large Neolithic DNA dataset from the Carpathian Basin, which was the cradle of the first Central European farming culture, the so called Linearbandkeramik culture. We generated 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic and Neolithic specimens from western Hungary and Croatia, attributed to the hunter-gatherers, Starčevo and LBK cultures (7th/6th millennium BC). We observe genetic discontinuity between Mesolithic foragers and early farmers, and genetic continuity between farming populations of the 6th-4th millennium BC across a vast territory of southeastern and Central Europe. Nine novel Y chromosome DNA profiles offer first insights into the Y chromosome diversity of the earliest European farmers, and further support the migration (demic diffusion) from the Near East into Central Europe along the Continental route of Neolithisation. The joint analyses of the two uniparental genetic systems let us conclude that men and women had a similar roles in the Early Neolithic migration process but their dispersal patterns were determined by sex-specific rules.aDNAAncient DNAAMOVAAnalysis of molecular variance ASHA Ancestral shared haplotype analysisHVS I/IIHyper Variable Segment I or II of the mitochondrial genomeLBKLinearbandkeramik or Linear Pottery culture in Central Europe (refer to published LBK data from the Czech Republic, Lower Austria, and Germany)LBKTLinearbandkeramik or Linear Pottery culture in western Hungary/TransdanubiaMDSMultidimensional scalingmtDNAMitochondrial DNAnpNucleotide positionNRYNon-recombining part of the Y chromosome PCA Principal component analysisSNPSingle nucleotide polymorphismSTAStarčevo cultureTPCTest of population continuity