TY - JOUR T1 - Tracing the genetic origin of Europe’s first farmers reveals insights into their social organization JF - bioRxiv DO - 10.1101/008664 SP - 008664 AU - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy AU - Guido Brandt AU - Victoria Keerl AU - János Jakucs AU - Wolfgang Haak AU - Sabine Möller-Rieker AU - Kitti Köhler AU - Balázs Gusztáv Mende AU - Marc Fecher AU - Krisztián Oross AU - Tibor Marton AU - Anett Osztás AU - Viktória Kiss AU - György Pálfi AU - Erika Molnár AU - Katalin Sebők AU - András Czene AU - Tibor Paluch AU - Mario Šlaus AU - Mario Novak AU - Nives Pećina-Šlaus AU - Brigitta Ősz AU - Vanda Voicsek AU - Krisztina Somogyi AU - Gábor Tóth AU - Bernd Kromer AU - Eszter Bánffy AU - Kurt W. Alt Y1 - 2014/01/01 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2014/09/03/008664.abstract N2 - Farming was established in Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK), a well-investigated archaeological horizon, which emerged in the Carpathian Basin, in today’s Hungary. However, the genetic background of the LBK genesis has not been revealed yet. Here we present 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic, Neolithic Starčevo and LBK sites (7th/6th millennium BC) from the Carpathian Basin and south-eastern Europe. We detect genetic continuity of both maternal and paternal elements during the initial spread of agriculture, and confirm the substantial genetic impact of early farming south-eastern European and Carpathian Basin cultures on Central European populations of the 6th-4th millennium BC. Our comprehensive Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA population genetic analyses demonstrate a clear affinity of the early farmers to the modern Near East and Caucasus, tracing the expansion from that region through south-eastern Europe and the Carpathian Basin into Central Europe. Our results also reveal contrasting patterns for male and female genetic diversity in the European Neolithic, suggesting patrilineal descent system and patrilocal residential rules among the early farmers.Author Summary We report an exceptional large Neolithic DNA dataset from the Carpathian Basin, which was the cradle of the first Central European farming culture, the so called Linearbandkeramik culture. We generated 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic and Neolithic specimens from western Hungary and Croatia, attributed to the hunter-gatherers, Starčevo and LBK cultures (7th/6th millennium BC). We observe genetic discontinuity between Mesolithic foragers and early farmers, and genetic continuity between farming populations of the 6th-4th millennium BC across a vast territory of southeastern and Central Europe. Nine novel Y chromosome DNA profiles offer first insights into the Y chromosome diversity of the earliest European farmers, and further support the migration (demic diffusion) from the Near East into Central Europe along the Continental route of Neolithisation. The joint analyses of the two uniparental genetic systems let us conclude that men and women had a similar roles in the Early Neolithic migration process but their dispersal patterns were determined by sex-specific rules.aDNAAncient DNAAMOVAAnalysis of molecular variance ASHA Ancestral shared haplotype analysisHVS I/IIHyper Variable Segment I or II of the mitochondrial genomeLBKLinearbandkeramik or Linear Pottery culture in Central Europe (refer to published LBK data from the Czech Republic, Lower Austria, and Germany)LBKTLinearbandkeramik or Linear Pottery culture in western Hungary/TransdanubiaMDSMultidimensional scalingmtDNAMitochondrial DNAnpNucleotide positionNRYNon-recombining part of the Y chromosome PCA Principal component analysisSNPSingle nucleotide polymorphismSTAStarčevo cultureTPCTest of population continuity ER -