RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 The roles of LINEs, LTRs and SINEs in lineage-specific gene family expansions in the human and mouse genomes
JF bioRxiv
FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
SP 042309
DO 10.1101/042309
A1 Václav Janoušek
A1 Christina M. Laukaitis
A1 Alexey Yanchukov
A1 Robert C. Karn
YR 2016
UL http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/03/03/042309.abstract
AB We explored genome-wide patterns of RT content surrounding lineage-specific gene family expansions in the human and mouse genomes. Our results suggest that the size of a gene family is an important predictor of the RT distribution in close proximity to the family members. The distribution differs considerably between the three most common RT classes (LINEs, LTRs and SINEs). LINEs and LTRs tend to be more abundant around genes of multi-copy gene families, whereas SINEs tend to be depleted around such genes. Detailed analysis of the distribution and diversity of LINEs and LTRs with respect to gene family size suggests that each has a distinct involvement in gene family expansion. LTRs are associated with open chromatin sites surrounding the gene families, supporting their involvement in gene regulation, whereas LINEs may play a structural role, promoting gene duplication. This suggests that gene family expansions, especially in the mouse genome, might undergo two phases, the first is characterized by elevated deposition of LTRs and their utilization in reshaping gene regulatory networks. The second phase is characterized by rapid gene family expansion due to continuous accumulation of LINEs and it appears that, in some instances at least, this could become a runaway process. We provide an example in which this has happened and we present a simulation supporting the possibility of the runaway process. Our observations also suggest that specific differences exist in this gene family expansion process between human and mouse genomes.