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- Gytis Dudas1,2,*,
- Luiz Max Carvalho1,
- Trevor Bedford2,
- Andrew J. Tatem3,4,
- Guy Baele5,
- Nuno Faria6,
- Daniel J. Park7,
- Jason Ladner8,
- Armando Arias9,10,
- Danny Asogun11,12,
- Filip Bielejec5,
- Sarah Caddy9,
- Matt Cotten13,
- Jonathan Dambrozio8,
- Simon Dellicour5,
- Antonino Di Caro14,12,
- Joseph W. Diclaro II15,
- Sophie Duraffour16,12,
- Mike Elmore17,
- Lawrence Fakoli18,
- Merle Gilbert8,
- Sahr M Gevao19,
- Stephen Gire7,20,
- Adrianne Gladden-Young7,
- Andreas Gnirke7,
- Augustine Goba21,22,
- Donald S. Grant21,22,
- Bart Haagmans23,
- Julian A. Hiscox24,25,
- Umaru Jah26,
- Brima Kargbo22,
- Jeffrey Kugelman8,
- Di Liu27,
- Jia Lu9,
- Christine M. Malboeuf7,
- Suzanne Mate8,
- David A. Matthews28,
- Christian B. Matranga7,
- Luke Meredith9,26,
- James Qu7,
- Joshua Quick29,
- Susan D. Pas23,
- My VT Phan13,
- Georgios Poliakis24,
- Chantal Reusken23,
- Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart8,30,
- Stephen F. Schaffner7,
- John S. Schieffelin31,
- Rachel S. Sealfon7,
- Etienne Simon-Loriere32,33,
- Saskia L. Smits23,
- Kilian Stoecker34,12,
- Lucy Thorne9,
- Ekaete A. Tobin11,12,
- Mohamed A. Vandi21,22,
- Simon J. Watson13,
- Kendra West7,
- Shannon Whitmer35†,
- Michael R. Wiley8,30,
- Sarah M. Winnicki7,20,
- Shirlee Wohl7,20,
- Roman Wölfel34,12,
- Nathan L. Yozwiak7,20,
- Kristian G. Andersen36,37,7,
- Sylvia Blyden22,
- Fatorma Bolay18,
- Miles Carroll17,12,
- Boubacar Diallo39,
- Pierre Formenty40,
- Christophe Fraser41,
- George F. Gao27,42,
- Robert F. Garry43,
- Ian Goodfellow9,26,
- Stephan Günther16,12,
- Christian Happi44,
- Edward C Holmes45,
- Brima Kargbo22,
- Paul Kellam13,47,
- Marion P. G. Koopmans23,
- Nicholas J. Loman29,
- N’Faly Magassouba48,
- Dhamari Naidoo40,
- Stuart T. Nichol35†,
- Tolbert Nyenswah38,
- Gustavo Palacios8,
- Oliver G Pybus6,
- Pardis Sabeti7,20,
- Amadou Sall32,
- Ute Ströher35†,
- Isatta Wury46,
- Marc A Suchard49,50,51,
- Philippe Lemey5,* and
- Andrew Rambaut1,52,53,*
- 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- 2Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- 3WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- 4Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
- 5Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- 6Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
- 7Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- 8Center for Genome Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- 9Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
- 10Section for Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Blowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- 11Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- 12The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- 13Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- 14National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” - IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
- 15Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo, 11517, Egypt
- 16Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- 17National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK
- 18Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.
- 19University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- 20Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- 21Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- 22Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- 23Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 20140, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- 24Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, United Kingdom
- 25NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, UK.
- 26University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
- 27Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- 28University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- 29Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- 30University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- 31Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- 32Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- 33CNRS URA3012, Paris 75015, France
- 34Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
- 35Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- 36The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- 37Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- 38Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
- 39World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea
- 40WHO Ebola Response Team
- 41Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Outbreak Analyses and Modelling, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- 42Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
- 43Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- 44Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- 45Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- 46Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
- 47Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W2 1PG, UK
- 48Universit Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fivres Hmorragiques en Guine, Conakry, Guinea
- 49Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 50Department of Biomathematics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 51Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 52Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- 53Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- ↵*Corresponding authors (a.rambaut{at}ed.ac.uk, gdudas{at}fredhutch.org, philippe.lemey{at}rega.kuleuven.be)