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- November 24, 2015.
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- Aysu Okbay1,2,3,*,
- Bart M.L. Baselmans4,5,*,
- Jan-Emmanuel De Neve6,*,
- Patrick Turley7,*,
- Michel G. Nivard4,*,
- Mark A. Fontana8,*,
- S. Fleur W. Meddens9,3,10,*,
- Richard Karlsson Linnér9,3,10,*,
- Cornelius A. Rietveld1,2,3,*,
- Jaime Derringer11,
- Jacob Gratten127,
- James J. Lee12,
- Jimmy Z. Liu133,
- Ronald de Vlaming1,2,3,
- Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia13,14,15,
- Jadwiga Buchwald16,
- Alana Cavadino17,97,
- Alexis C. Frazier-Wood18,
- Nicholas A. Furlotte19,
- Victoria Garfield120,
- Marie Henrike Geisel44,
- Juan R. Gonzalez20,21,22,
- Saskia Haitjema111,
- Robert Karlsson23,
- Sander W. van der Laan111,
- Karl-Heinz Ladwig24,
- Jari Lahti25,26,77,
- Sven J. van der Lee2,
- Penelope A. Lind27,
- Tian Liu28,29,
- Lindsay Matteson12,
- Evelin Mihailov30,
- Michael B. Miller12,
- Camelia C. Minica4,
- Ilja M. Nolte34,
- Dennis Mook-Kanamori31,32,33,
- Peter J. van der Most34,
- Christopher Oldmeadow35,36,
- Yong Qian37,
- Olli Raitakari38,39,
- Rajesh Rawal40,
- Anu Realo41,
- Rico Rueedi42,43,
- Börge Schmidt44,
- Albert V. Smith45,46,
- Evie Stergiakouli47,
- Toshiko Tanaka60,
- Kent Taylor48,
- Juho Wedenoja16,
- Juergen Wellmann49,
- Harm-Jan Westra50,
- Sara M. Willems2,
- Wei Zhao51,
- Behrooz Z. Alizadeh34,52,
- Najaf Amin2,
- Andrew Bakshi127,
- Patricia A. Boyle53,
- Simon Cox54,55,
- Gail Davies54,55,
- Oliver S.P. Davis47,
- Jun Ding37,
- Nese Direk2,
- Peter Eibich56,57,
- Rebecca T. Emeny24,
- Ghazaleh Fatemifar58,
- Jessica D. Faul59,
- Luigi Ferrucci60,
- Andreas J. Forstner61,62,
- Christian Gieger40,
- Tamara B. Harris63,
- Juliette M. Harris78,
- Elizabeth G. Holliday35,36,
- Jouke-Jan Hottenga4,5,
- Philip L. De Jager64,65,66,
- Marika A. Kaakinen67,70,
- Eero Kajantie68,69,
- Ville Karhunen70,
- Ivana Kolcic114,
- Meena Kumari71,
- Lenore J. Launer72,
- LifeLines Cohort Study73,
- Ruifang Li-Gao31,
- Marisa Loitfelder117,
- Anu Loukola16,
- Pedro Marques-Vidal74,
- Grant W. Montgomery75,
- Lavinia Paternoster47,
- Alison Pattie55,
- Katja E. Petrovic76,
- Laura Pulkki-Råback25,77,
- Lydia Quaye78,
- Katri Räikkönen25,
- Igor Rudan79,
- Rodney J. Scott80,36,
- Jennifer A. Smith51,
- Angelina R. Sutin121,60,
- Maciej Trzaskowski113,127,
- Anna E. Vinkhuyzen127,
- Lei Yu81,
- Delilah Zabaneh113,
- John R. Attia35,36,
- David A. Bennett81,
- Klaus Berger49,
- Lars Bertram82,83,
- Dorret I. Boomsma4,5,136,
- Ute Bultmann84,
- Shun-Chiao Chang85,
- Francesco Cucca86,
- Ian J. Deary54,55,
- Cornelia M. van Duijn2,
- Johan G. Eriksson87,88,89,
- Lude Franke90,
- Eco J.C. de Geus4,5,136,
- Patrick J.F. Groenen3,91,
- Vilmundur Gudnason45,46,
- Torben Hansen14,
- Catharine A. Hartman110,
- Claire M.A. Haworth47,
- Caroline Hayward92,93,
- Andrew C. Heath94,
- David A. Hinds19,
- Elina Hyppönen95,96,97,
- William G. Iacono12,
- Marjo-Riitta Järvelin98,99,70,100,
- Karl-Heinz Jöckel44,
- Jaakko Kaprio16,101,102,
- Sharon L.R. Kardia51,
- Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen25,
- Peter Kraft103,
- Laura Kubzansky104,
- Terho Lehtimäki105,106,
- Patrik K.E. Magnusson23,
- Nicholas G. Martin107,
- Matt McGue12,
- Andres Metspalu30,108,
- Melinda Mills109,
- Renée de Mutsert31,
- Albertine J. Oldehinkel110,
- Gerard Pasterkamp111,112,
- Nancy L. Pedersen23,
- Robert Plomin113,
- Ozren Polasek114,
- Christine Power97,
- Stephen S. Rich115,
- Frits R. Rosendaal31,
- Hester M. den Ruijter111,
- David Schlessinger37,
- Helena Schmidt116,117,
- Rauli Svento118,
- Reinhold Schmidt117,
- Harold Snieder34,
- Thorkild I.A. Sørensen14,47,119,
- Tim D. Spector78,
- Andrew Steptoe120,
- Antonio Terracciano121,60,
- A. Roy Thurik1,3,122,123,
- Nicholas J. Timpson47,
- Henning Tiemeier2,124,125,
- André G. Uitterlinden2,3,126,
- Peter Vollenweider74,
- Gert Wagner56,
- David R. Weir59,
- Jian Yang127,128,
- Dalton C. Conley129,130,
- George Davey Smith47,
- Albert Hofman2,
- Magnus Johannesson131,
- David I. Laibson7,
- Sarah E. Medland27,
- Michelle N. Meyer132,
- Joseph K. Pickrell133,134,
- Tõnu Esko30,
- Robert F. Krueger12,
- Jonathan P. Beauchamp7,
- Philipp D. Koellinger9,3,10,
- Daniel J. Benjamin135,
- Meike Bartels4,5,136 and
- David Cesarini137,138
- 1Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- 2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- 3Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- 4Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
- 5EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
- 6Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK
- 7Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- 8Department of Economics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–1220, USA
- 9Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- 10Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
- 11Psychology, University of Illinois, IL 61820, Champaign, USA
- 12Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- 13COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820 Denmark
- 14The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100 Denmark
- 15Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820 Denmark
- 16Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
- 17Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- 18USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- 1923andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
- 20Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Spain
- 21Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Spain
- 22CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona Spain
- 23Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77 Sweden
- 24Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- 25IBS, Unit of Personality, Work and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, P.O. Box 9, 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
- 26Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, FI-00014 Finland
- 27Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
- 28Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195 Germany
- 29Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Berlin, 14195 Germany
- 30Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
- 31Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- 32Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- 33BESC, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- 34Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- 35Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305 Australia
- 36Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300 Australia
- 37Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- 38Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521 Finland
- 39Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520 Finland
- 40Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- 41Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409 Estonia
- 42Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005 Switzerland
- 43Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
- 44Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147 Germany
- 45Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201 Iceland
- 46Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101 Iceland
- 47MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- 48Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrence, 90505 CA, USA
- 49Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, 48149 Germany
- 50Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- 51Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
- 52Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
- 53Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- 54Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- 55Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- 56German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, 10117 Germany
- 57Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- 58The Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- 59Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
- 60National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- 61Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
- 62Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
- 63Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892–9205, United States
- 64Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- 65Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- 66Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- 67Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- 68Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland
- 69National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki Finland
- 70Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu Finland
- 71Institute for Social & Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park CO4 3SQ, UK
- 72Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205, USA
- 73LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 BZ, The Netherlands
- 74Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011 Switzerland
- 75Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
- 76Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- 77Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014 Finland
- 78Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- 79Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
- 80Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305 Australia
- 81Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- 82Lübeck Interdisciplinary platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative & Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562 Germany
- 83Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- 84Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- 85Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- 86Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, 9042 Italy
- 87Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
- 88Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki Finland
- 89Unit of General Practice, University Central Hospital, Helsinki Finland
- 90Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen. 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- 91Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- 92MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- 93Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- 94Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- 95Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, SA5000, Adelaide Australia
- 96South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA5000 Australia
- 97Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- 98Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- 99Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu Finland
- 100Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu Finland
- 101Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
- 102Department for Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
- 103Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- 104Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- 105Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520 Finland
- 106Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014 Finland
- 107Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
- 108Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
- 109Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK
- 110Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- 111Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- 112Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- 113Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park SE5 8AF, UK
- 114Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split 21000 Croatia
- 115Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- 116Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz, 8010 Austria
- 117Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036 Austria
- 118Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, Oulu Finland
- 119Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, 2000 Denmark
- 120Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
- 121Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- 122Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, 34080 France
- 123Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands
- 124Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- 125Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- 126Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- 127Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- 128The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia
- 129Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- 130School of Medicine, New York University, NY 10016, New York, USA
- 131Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, 113 83 Sweden
- 132Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
- 133New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
- 134Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 600 Fairchild Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
- 135Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3332, USA
- 136Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- 137Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- 138Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, 10215 Sweden
- ↵* Correspondence to: Daniel Benjamin (djbenjam{at}usc.edu). Meike Bartels (m.bartels{at}vu.nl), or Philipp Koellinger (p.d.koellinger{at}vu.nl)