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- December 23, 2013.
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Author Information
- Iosif Lazaridis1,2,
- Nick Patterson1,2,
- Alissa Mittnik3,
- Gabriel Renaud4,
- Swapan Mallick1,2,
- Peter H. Sudmant5,
- Joshua G. Schraiber6,
- Sergi Castellano4,
- Karola Kirsanow7,
- Christos Economou8,
- Ruth Bollongino7,
- Qiaomei Fu4,
- Kirsten I. Bos3,
- Susanne Nordenfelt1,2,
- Cesare de Filippo4,
- Kay Prüfer4,
- Susanna Sawyer4,
- Cosimo Posth3,
- Wolfgang Haak9,
- Fredrik Hallgren10,
- Elin Fornander10,
- George Ayodo11,
- Hamza A. Babiker12,13,
- Elena Balanovska14,
- Oleg Balanovsky14,15,
- Haim Ben-Ami16,
- Judit Bene17,
- Fouad Berrada18,
- Francesca Brisighelli19,
- George Busby20,21,
- Francesco Cali22,
- Mikhail Churnosov23,
- David E. C. Cole24,
- Larissa Damba25,
- Dominique Delsate26,27,
- George van Driem28,
- Stanislav Dryomov29,30,
- Sardana A. Fedorova31,
- Michael Francken32,
- Irene Gallego Romero33,
- Marina Gubina34,
- Jean-Michel Guinet26,
- Michael Hammer35,
- Brenna Henn36,
- Tor Hervig37,
- Ugur Hodoglugil38,
- Aashish R. Jha33,
- Rick Kittles39,
- Elza Khusnutdinova40,41,
- Toomas Kivisild42,
- Vaidutis Kučinskas43,
- Rita Khusainova40,41,
- Alena Kushniarevich44,
- Leila Laredj45,
- Sergey Litvinov40,41,44,
- Robert W. Mahley46,
- Béla Melegh17,
- Ene Metspalu47,
- Joanna Mountain48,
- Thomas Nyambo49,
- Ludmila Osipova34,
- Jüri Parik47,
- Fedor Platanov50,
- Olga Posukh34,
- Valentino Romano51,
- Igor Rudan52,
- Ruslan Ruizbakiev53,
- Hovhannes Sahakyan44,54,
- Antonio Salas55,
- Elena B. Starikovskaya29,30,
- Ayele Tarekegn56,
- Draga Toncheva,
- Shahlo Turdikulova57,
- Ingrida Uktveryte43,
- Olga Utevska58,
- Mikhail Voevoda25,34,
- Joachim Wahl59,
- Pierre Zalloua60,61,
- Levon Yepiskoposyan54,
- Tatijana Zemunik62,
- Alan Cooper9,
- Cristian Capelli21,
- Mark G. Thomas63,
- Sarah A. Tishkoff64,
- Lalji Singh65,66,
- Kumarasamy Thangaraj65,
- Richard Villems44,47,67,
- David Comas68,
- Rem Sukernik29,30,
- Mait Metspalu44,
- Matthias Meyer4,
- Evan E. Eichler5,69,
- Joachim Burger7,
- Montgomery Slatkin6,
- Svante Pääbo4,
- Janet Kelso4,
- David Reich1,2,70† and
- Johannes Krause3†
- 1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- 2Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
- 3Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, Tübingen, Germany 72072
- 4Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany 04103
- 5Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
- 6Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140
- 7Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Mainz, Germany D-55128
- 8Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 114 18
- 9Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia SA 5005
- 10The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, Sweden 722 12
- 11Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu, Kenya 40100
- 12Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JT
- 13Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat, Oman 123
- 14Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia 115478
- 15Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, Russia 119991
- 16Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
- 17Department of Medical Genetics, and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary 7624
- 18Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane, Morocco 53000
- 19Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy 00168
- 20Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK OX1 3PS
- 21Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK OX3 7BN
- 22Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina Italy 94018
- 23Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
- 24Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5
- 25Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 630089
- 26Luxembourg Natural History Museum, Luxembourg L-2160
- 27Centre National de Recherche Archéologique auprès du Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art, Luxembourg
- 28Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland CH-3012
- 29Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia 630090
- 30Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia 630090
- 31Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems and North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia, 677010
- 32Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany D-72070
- 33Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA 60637
- 34The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 630090
- 35ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
- 36Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA 11794
- 37Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 5021
- 38NextBio, part of Illumina, Santa Clara, CA, USA 95050
- 39College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 60607
- 40Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia 450054
- 41Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia 450074
- 42Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1QH
- 43Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania LT-08661
- 44Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, Estonia 51010
- 45Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France 67404
- 46Robert W. Mahley, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- 47Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 51010
- 48Research Department, 23andMe, Inc. Mountain View, CA, USA 94043
- 49Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 50Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia 677000
- 51Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy 90128
- 52Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom EH8 9AG
- 53Deceased: formerly of the Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 70000
- 54Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia 0014
- 55Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia, Spain 15872
- 56Addis Ababa University and Center of Human Genetic Diversity, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 57Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 100125
- 58Department of Genetics and Cytology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv Ukraine 61077
- 59State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, Konstanz, Germany D-78467
- 60Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon 13-5053
- 61Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA 02115
- 62Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia 21000
- 63Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1E 6BT
- 64Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- 65CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India 500 007
- 66Present address: Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 221 005
- 67Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia 10130
- 68Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 08003
- 69Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195
- 70Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: David Reich (reich{at}genetics.med.harvard.edu) or Johannes Krause (johannes.krause{at}uni-tuebingen.de)