Abstract
We must often decide how much effort to exert or withhold to avoid undesirable outcomes or obtain rewards. In depression and anxiety, levels of avoidance tend to be excessive and reward-seeking is reduced. Yet outstanding questions remain about the links between motivated action/inhibition and anxiety and depression symptoms, and whether they differ between men and women. Here we examined the relationship between anxiety and depression symptoms and performance on effortful active and inhibitory avoidance (Study 1) and reward seeking (Study 2) in humans. Undergraduates and paid online workers (NAvoid = 545, NReward = 310; NFemale = 368, NMale = 450, MAge = 22.58, RangeAge = 17-62) were assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and performed an instructed online avoidance or reward-seeking task. Participants had to make multiple presses on active trials and withhold presses on inhibitory trials to avoid an unpleasant sound (Study 1) or obtain points towards a monetary reward (Study 2). Overall, men deployed more effort than women in both avoidance and reward-seeking, and anxiety symptoms were negatively associated with active reward-seeking accuracy. Gender moderated the relationship between anxiety symptoms and inhibitory avoidance, such that women with higher anxiety showed reduced inhibitory avoidance accuracy. Anxiety symptoms predicted poorer active avoidance performance for those high in depression symptoms only. Our results illuminate effects of gender and symptom comorbidity in the relationship between mood disorder symptoms and the motivation to actively and effortfully respond to obtain positive and avoid negative outcomes.
Significance statement We often need to take effortful action, or withhold action, to avoid unpleasant outcomes or obtain rewards. Depression and anxiety can impact these behaviours’ effectiveness, but the role of depression in avoidance and anxiety in reward-seeking is not well understood. Gender differences in avoidance and reward-seeking have also not been examined. Here, we present a task in which participants had to make or withhold button presses to avoid hearing an unpleasant sound or to obtain a reward. Men deployed more effort than women in avoidance, and women with higher levels of anxiety symptoms had lower inhibitory avoidance accuracy than men. Our results illuminate gender differences in how depressive and anxiety symptoms impact our ability to avoid threats and obtain rewards.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.