ABSTRACT
Background & Aims Liver fibrosis is a pivotal pathology in multiple hepatic disease indications, profoundly characterizing disease severity and outcomes. The role of activin B, a TGFβ superfamily cytokine, in liver health and disease is largely unknown. We aimed to investigate whether activin B modulates liver fibrogenesis.
Methods Liver and serum activin B, along with its analog activin A, were analyzed in patients with liver fibrosis from different etiologies and in mouse acute and chronic liver injury models. Activin B, activin A, or both was immunologically neutralized in mice with progressive or established carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis. The direct effects of activin B and A on hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were evaluated in vitro.
Results As a result, hepatic and circulating activin B was increased in human patients with liver fibrosis caused by several liver diseases. In mice, hepatic and circulating activin B exhibited persistent elevation following the onset of several types of liver injury, whereas activin A displayed transient increases. The results revealed a close correlation of activin B with liver injury regardless of etiology and species. We found that neutralizing activin B largely prevented, as well as remarkably regressed, CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, which was augmented by co-neutralizing activin A. Mechanistically, activin B directly promotes hepatocyte death, induces a profibrotic expression profile in HSCs, and stimulates HSCs to form a septa structure. In addition, activin B and A interdependently upregulated the transcription of profibrotic factors including connective tissue growth factor and TGFβ1 in injured livers.
Conclusions We demonstrate that activin B, cooperating with activin A, directly acts on multiple liver cell populations, and drives the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. Our finding inspires the development of a novel therapy of chronic liver diseases.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Footnotes
Grant support: Translational Research Pilot Grant, Indiana University
Conflicts of interest: The authors disclose that a patent “Methods of treating or preventing liver fibrosis with inhibition of Activins B and A” was published based on this manuscript. Patent application number: 16/923,282. Publication number: US2021/0009672 A1.
Synopsis Identifying the primary factors driving liver fibrogenesis is key to the development of effective therapies for chronic liver diseases. We found that hepatic and systematic activin B is rapidly enriched upon the onset of liver injury, and excessive activin B persists as liver injury advances. It directly promotes hepatocyte death and activates hepatic stellate cells, mediating the initiation and progression of hepatic fibrotic response to liver injury. Thus, we for the first time demonstrate activin B as a novel and strong profibrotic factor.
Abbreviations
- TGF
- transforming growth factor
- CTGF
- connective tissue growth factor
- HSC
- hepatic stellate cell
- AST
- aspartate aminotransferase
- ALT
- alanine aminotransferase
- ALD
- alcoholic liver disease
- NASH
- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- CCl4
- carbon tetrachloride
- BDL
- bile duct ligation
- CXCL1
- chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1
- iNOS
- cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase